Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

“天鲲号”超大型自航绞吸船辅钢桩门装置设计

针对自航绞吸船在艏部设置辅钢桩定位系统存在的影响航速等问题，“天鲲”号超大型自航绞吸挖泥船提出了在艏部设置钢桩门的解决方案。该解决方案不仅可以保持完整的艏部线型，减小航行阻力，而且还可以减小辅钢桩甲板作业空间。本文介绍了“天鲲”号辅钢桩门装置的设计方案，以及辅桩钢桩门结构设计，最后提出了辅钢桩门开闭油缸等关键设备的选型计算方法及选型结果。本文可为超大型自航绞吸式挖泥船的辅钢桩门装置的设计分析提供参考和设计思路。     

Maritime security guidelines: a study of Swedish ports’ perceived barriers to compliance

ABSTRACT

Due to the constant risk of piracy and terrorist attacks which cause disturbances within international shipping of goods, barriers to the adoption of maritime security guidelines (MSGs) at European ports have become prevalent. In this paper, a conceptual framework was created to explore the perceived barriers that prevent compliance with MSGs. To verify the conceptual framework, empirical data were collected using a mixed-methods approach, which was comprised of interviews with national experts and a survey of 47% of Swedish ports involved in the shipping of goods. According to the presented framework, the perceived barriers of Swedish ports to compliance with MSGs were linked to collaborations within the Swedish Maritime Security stakeholder network, available resources and educational knowledge about security culture. In addition, the perceived barriers of smaller ports were linked to the adaptation to MSGs at different levels and the absence of specific tools of maritime security management. Due to an increased interest in international shipping of goods, this paper is currently one of few that addresses the barriers to compliance with MSGs. Moreover, the paper presents a general conceptual framework, novel managerial implications and recommendations for future research.     

一阶逻辑中的扩展子句消去原则

对于一阶逻辑定理证明器，子句集化简一直是必不可少的步骤，这将有助于提高后续一阶逻辑定理证明器的证明效率. 针对子句冗余性的判断，提出了一种评估子句冗余性的原则:集合蕴涵模归结原则. 并且证明了该原则在不带等词一阶逻辑上的可靠性，根据该原则删除子句，不会影响原始子句集的不可满足性或者可满足性. 此外，依据该原则提出了两种新型的一阶逻辑预处理方法:集合归结包含消去（set resolution subsumption, SRSE）方法和集合归结不对称恒真消去（set resolution asymmetric tautology elimination, SRATE）方法，并证明了这两种子句消去方法在不带等词一阶逻辑子句集上的可靠性. 最后在理论上比较了SRSE方法和归结包含消去（sesolution subsumption elimination, RSE）方法以及SRATE方法和归结不对称恒真（sesolution asymmetric tautology elimination, RATE）方法之间的有效性，结果表明SRSE方法和SRATE方法分别比RSE方法和RATE方法更为有效.      

高铁站功能区布局优化模型研究

为使高铁站功能区的布局更加科学合理,论文以旅客在高铁站房内的平均走行时间最少和高铁站建造成本最低为目标,综合考虑功能区的面积、长宽比例、功能区禁止重叠、流线等约束条件,构建基于多目标混合规划的高铁站功能区布局优化模型,通过算例验证了模型的有效性。该方法得出的结论可以为高铁站功能区布局的规划设计提供参考。     

斜坡式护岸越浪量分析

根据掩护功能不同对护岸允许越浪量进行分类规定是越浪量研究的方向之一，探索最大单波越浪量的量化计算对护岸后方排水设计具有重要参考意义。对国内外常用越浪量控制标准和计算公式进行总结对比，并以沙特海尔港南护岸越浪量计算为例量化探讨肩台宽度和参数相关性对越浪量计算的影响。结果表明，欧洲和美国规范规定的越浪量标准比中国和日本规范规定的越浪量标准严格；设置肩台可以有效降低越浪量计算值，考虑波高和水位的相关性也可以有效降低越浪量计算值；越浪量计算对波高和水位比较敏感，允许越浪量可以采用数量级梯度进行分级；对于允许越浪量要求比较严苛的海外现汇项目，适当考虑肩台和参数相关性对越浪量计算值的降低作用，可以提高承包商设计方案的竞争力。     

货车自动驾驶技术及标准法规发展分析

目前,自动驾驶技术在乘用车领域已获得突破性发展;为提高通行效率和出行安全起到了极大的作用。自动驾驶技术在商用车领域的应用,有望较好解决高昂的人力成本和难以提高的效率等问题。然而,目前自动驾驶技术在货车的应用大多采用跟乘用车同样的标准进行规范,这在实际应用中存在着诸多的问题;例如,在FCW和AEB功能中货车在相同车速的制动距离要远大于乘用车,而其所采用标准规定的碰撞预警时间却并无多大不同,这在实际场景中存在着较大的安全隐患[1,2]。此外,货车质量和体积较大,且较多应用于长途运输,运输过程中会经历包括高温、严寒、山区等多种复杂气候场景,这些都将对货车自动驾驶技术在车辆制动效能、能耗以及多场景应用等方面提出更有针对性规范的要求。本文针对货车的应用场景特点,为其自动驾驶技术应用标准化提出了建议。     

一种ATS系统自动化测试工具的设计与实现

列车自动监控系统(ATS)是车载信号系统中的重要组成部分.本文提出一种ATS系统的非侵入式自动化测试工具,模拟测试人员真实测试的整个流程,可配置的测试脚本更具有灵活性,可以实现不同的测试需求;采用基于计算机视觉与光学字符识别的信息提取方式,使测试流程可以完全模拟真人测试;通过验证状态机的结果,简化了测试验证流程.该工具节省了测试过程中耗费的人力成本和时间成本,并在多条实际线路上进行了应用,验证了该工具的适用性和有效性.     

Latent classes of daily mobility patterns: the relationship with attitudes towards modes

Transportation - Active modes (i.e. walking and cycling) have received significant attention by governments worldwide, due to the benefits related to the use of these modes. Consequently,...     

专业力量齐发力 复工复产有实招——北海航海保障中心抗疫情保复工侧记

疫情阻击战到了最关键的阶段,保复工、稳发展迫在眉睫。北海航海保障中心(简称“中心”)主动作为,有效履职,积极加强与属地海事、引航、气象、港口等单位的协调沟通,针对辖区LNG、煤炭能源运输提供定制化优先服务,保障各类导助航设施、系统平稳正常运行。新冠肺炎疫情期间,共计为辖区1.7万余艘次船舶航行和13.5万人次旅客安全运送提供了及时、高效的航海保障服务。