The use of the bicycle

The rediscovery of the bicycle by the public, by politicians and by professional urban transportation planners as a mode of transport which is perfectly in harmony with the goals of environmental protection, energy saving and personal fitness has stimulated this empirical study on the actual use of the bicycle by various population groups for obligatory and discretionary trip purposes. The influence on bicycle usage of such factors as age, education, car availability, residential density and town size, topography and time of year is analysed in this paper for selected population groups. For housewives from motorized households logit‐models were designed and calibrated to model their modal choice for shopping trips with special references to the bicycle. From the empirical results, the groups with the largest potentials for cycling are identified and the extent to which the potentials could be activated by specific policies is discussed. The research is based on a large sample held to be representative for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1976 and is supplemented by more recent surveys in selected German cities conducted by SOCIALDATA Munich.     

综合考虑各影响因素下浅埋室顶板最大安全荷载预测

以新疆乌鲁木齐“世纪花苑”三期工程人防地道为例,运用快速拉格朗日差分分析程序,通过逐渐调整上部荷载大小,使其达到临界状态下的数值模拟方法,系统分析不同影响因素(如洞跨、顶拱高跨比、顶板厚度、荷载范围等)对人防地道顶板最大安全荷载的影响及相关变化规律。结果表明,顶板最大安全荷载与洞跨及荷载范围成反比,而与顶拱高跨比、顶板厚度和荷载偏心率成正比。在此基础上,用数理统计方法得出能综合考虑各影响因素下顶板最大安全荷载的预测方程。     

Impact of forcing errors in the CAMCAT oil spill forecasting system. A sensitivity study

The CAMCAT oil spill forecasting system is presented in this paper, and an evaluation of the impact of errors in the forcing fields over its forecasts is carried out. The system is formed by several independent modules which provide forecasts of winds, currents and waves to an oil spill module which predicts the evolution of the spill.The typical twin-experiments experience is used paying special attention to a realistic characterization of the errors when perturbing the forcing fields. The results suggest that errors in the wind and current fields are the main limiting factor for the quality of the oil spill forecasts. The pollutant identification is also crucial to determine the final vertical position and characteristics of the product.     

辽宁省高速公路建设水土流失预测研究

本文介绍了高速公路建设中水土流失的成因及重点区域,并利用《辽宁省土壤侵蚀的定量分析》建立的数学模型,对我省即将建设的＂盘锦辽滨疏港高速公路＂项目可能产生的水土流失量进行预测,在工程实例中探讨了我省高速公路建设水土流失预测的方法,为我省高速公路建设中的水土保持工作提供了借鉴和参考。     

采用比例趋势分析法预测劳动力的需求量

受造船管理模式、生产场地资源等条件制约，造船企业生产计划安排不均衡的现象时有发生，由此引发的劳动力需求不均衡的现象在各个造船生产部门不同程度的存在，如何根据造船生产计划，有效地预测各生产阶段的劳动力需求，进行劳动力资源余缺调剂，一直是造船企业在努力探索的热门话题。本文试图运用数理统计的原理，借助计算机辅助工具（专业的软件），通过研究历史统计资料一实动工时的累积曲线，结合造船生产计划安排并考虑未来情况的变动，估计预测期内的累积曲线，以比例趋势法预测未来劳动力的需求量。     

Exploring ‘weak signals’' as potential challenges in transport: an inventory of potential future technology developments

This article assesses the most likely technological developments in transport, not only by investigating current innovations but also by observing different approaches to confronting future developments. The article discusses technology forecasting and the meaning of environmentally sound technologies; some insights into technology development and the relevance of technological forecasting; the factors that influence technology development in transport; and, in this context, differentiation between exploration, expectation and forecasting. It goes on to identify, from four different perspectives, major developments of strategic relevance for the transport sector that might arise in the longer term. An assessment is made of the consequences of these observations for the implementation of innovations in transport.     

Error and optimism bias in toll road traffic forecasts

Traffic forecasts are employed in the toll road sector, inter alia, by private sector investors to gauge the bankability of candidate investment projects. Although much is written in the literature about the theory and practice of traffic forecasting, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the predictive accuracy of traffic forecasting models. This paper addresses that shortcoming by reporting the results from the largest study of toll road forecasting performance ever conducted. The author had access to commercial-in-confidence documentation released to project financiers and, over a 4-year period, compiled a database of predicted and actual traffic usage for over 100 international, privately financed toll road projects. The findings suggest that toll road traffic forecasts are characterised by large errors and considerable optimism bias. As a result, financial engineers need to ensure that transaction structuring remains flexible and retains liquidity such that material departures from traffic expectations can be accommodated.

铁路建设项目经济评价信息系统的设计与应用

作者通过对铁路建设项目经济评价业务特点的分析,提出了利用计算机辅助经济评价的设计思想,并对运量预测、运营成本计算的算法作了详细讨论。     

短时交通流量两种预测方法的研究

实时、准确的完成短时交通流量预测是实现交通控制与诱导的关键。采用基于L-M算法的BP神经网络预测方法和基于混沌时间序列的预测方法对短时交通流量时间序列进行了预测研究,给出两种方法的基本原理及具体的预测步骤,并对一组实际的流量数据进行了预测。仿真结果表明:两种方法都能较准确的预测交通流量,但混沌时间序列方法的实时性更好一些,更适合于预测短时交通流量。     

华东地区夏季无砟轨道温度梯度预警研究

为研究华东地区夏季无砟轨道温度梯度的分布规律同时对高温时期的温度梯度进行预警管理,运用统计学方法研究轨道板温度梯度的分布规律并得到其预警限值,同时构建贝叶斯网络预测模型,对华东地区夏季无砟轨道温度梯度质量进行预测与评价。研究结果表明:华东地区夏季正温度梯度预警限值为66. 5℃/m,负温度梯度预警限值为-31. 5℃/m;贝叶斯网络预测模型具有88. 6%的准确率,可良好预测无砟轨道温度梯度的质量等级,同时由贝叶斯的诊断推理功能得出环境温度和太阳辐射是造成无砟轨道温度梯度异常的主要原因。