The ‘Four Dimensions of Behaviour’ framework: a tool for characterising behaviours to help design better interventions

This paper sets out the rationale and structure of a tool for assisting policy-makers and practitioners to understand behavioural challenges and open up thinking on the design of effective ‘behaviour change’ interventions. The ‘Four Dimensions of Behaviour’ (4DB) framework is based on the theoretical and empirical research in a range of policy domains including transport and pro-environmental behaviour more generally. The 4DB framework characterises multifaceted behaviours along dimensions of actor, domain, durability and scope. Its application in workshop or structured settings opens up diverse and non-exclusive discussion on designing interventions to match salient behavioural characteristics. The use of the 4DB framework in the transport domain is demonstrated for travel behaviours of interest to policy-makers using examples of buying plug-in vehicles (PiVs), commuting by bicycle, eco-driving and making business trips by train.     

汽车车身内部布置事例修改方法研究

事例修改是事例推理系统的重要环节和难点.文中通过分析汽车车身内部布置过程的特点,提出以规则和关系表达式描述的车身内部布置的约束并建立了其对象模型.结合规则推理和约束满足建立了车身内部布置事例的修改策略,实现了布置事例的修改.     

中英思维模式差异对英汉学术论文写作的影响

探讨了中英语篇思维模式差异对英汉学术论文写作中论证方法的影响问题.文章通过分析指出,中英思维模式存在着直觉与抽象、本体与客体和螺旋与直线型差异,并因此导致英汉学术论文中论证方法在修辞手段、引经据典、引用权威等方面的使用差异.文章最后指出,只有了解英汉思维模式的差异,分析其文化成因,才能真正实现跨文化写作的成功.     

Adoption intentions for micro-mobility – Insights from electric scooter sharing in Taiwan

Micro-mobility may alleviate a number of challenges facing big cities today, and offer a pathway toward more sustainable urban transportation. This research investigates what factors influence university students’ intention to use an electric scooter sharing service. A theoretical framework adapting the theory of planned behaviour was used. Survey responses from 471 university students in Taiwan were collected. Data were analysed using factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Respondents with different levels of usage intention and in different stages of behavioural change display distinct reasoning patterns. Lack of perceived compatibility with personal values, mobility needs and life-style particularly drives students with low usage intention and pre-contemplators, who show signs of “green hypocrisy”. Awareness-knowledge about the sharing system and environmental values influence the formation of usage intention in indirect ways. This study is intended to be a reference for subsequent conceptual and empirical work on e-scooter sharing in particular, and shared mobility with other types of powered two-wheelers.     

Travel attitudes and mode use among Asian international students at an Australian university

International students and immigrants in general are fuelling the growth in Australia’s population and the pressure that is putting on its urban transport systems. Yet, we know very little about their travel habits and limited previous research has been previously undertaken to address this gap. To address this research need, this study draws on a survey that was designed and distributed online and on-campus to students at Australia’s largest university (Monash University). Using multivariate statistical tools including factor analysis and multinomial logistic regression, significant differences were found between native-born Australian and Asian international students with regards to their mode perceptions, present travel habits and socio-demographics. For Asian students, attitudes towards non-car mode decrease and car-dependency increases the longer they reside in Australia. The findings of this research further highlight the need to encourage newer immigrants to use more sustainable travel options and highlight the relevance for local government and policy planners to support further research in this area, given that these international students have the potential to be key agents for travel behaviour change.     

基于模糊相似优先比的强夯有效加固深度范例推理研究

运用模糊相似优先比的概念,构造了一个强夯有效加固深度预测的模型。对每一个影响强夯有效加固深度的因素,分别建立了目标范例与源范例之间的模糊相似优先关系。经过影响因素之间的两两比较,获得不同的影响因素下强夯地基的目标范例与源范例之间的相似性序列,计算得到强夯地基有效加固深度目标范例和源范例之间的综合相似性序列,从而找到与强夯有效加固深度目标范例最相似的源范例,实现了有效加固深度的预测。实例评价结果与实际有效加固深度结果一致。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

基于剩余蕴涵的模糊三I方法的支持度

利用连续三角模导出剩余蕴涵算子，根据三角模和剩余蕴涵算子的性质，得出了满足一定条件的该类算子的三I算法．分析了在该类算子下的支持度理论，并推导了一般化的α-三IFMP和α-三IFMT公式．     

Analytical extension of the effective axle characteristics concept for the development of a structured chassis design process

The lateral vehicle dynamics is defined by the effects of side forces at the front and rear axle. These forces are caused by the slip and camber angle at the individual tyres, which are results of the kinematics and compliances of the chassis. This paper extends the approach of the effective axle characteristics by Paceyka to the analytical expression of the axle cornering stiffness and the axle relaxation behaviour with the aim of the development of a chassis design process as it applies in the early design stage. The obtained expression is integrated into a single track model and validated against a full nonlinear two-track model. By this means of these analytical expressions for the axle cornering stiffness and the axle relaxation behaviour it is possible to directly calculate and analyse the effective slip angles for linear quasi-static and dynamic driving manoeuvres.     

基于Mixed Logit模型的城市轨道交通出行时间价值估计

为了科学合理地制定城市轨道交通需求管理政策,从轨道交通出行行为的角度,考虑了出行者的出行目的、时间、费用以及家庭年收入等因素,针对"上班上学"、"娱乐休闲"两种出行目的,以RP(Revealed Preference)调查数据为依托,分别使用时间参数服从均匀分布、正态分布、对数正态分布的Mixed Logit模型估计城市轨道交通出行时间价值。检验结果表明,时间参数服从对数正态分布的模型优于均匀分布和正态分布。其中,"上班上学"出行者的出行时间价值为10.39元/h,"娱乐休闲"出行者的出行时间价值为8.3元/h。通过研究城市轨道交通出行时间价值,可以更加准确地预测城市轨道交通需求管理政策对出行行为的影响。