南半球西风带操船环境危险度的安全评价

西风带航段是通往南极的必经之路,这一航段的气象条件极为恶劣。通过参加第１６次南极考察收集到西风带航段的气象资料,利用基于模糊推理方法对西风带航段的操船环境危险度进行了评价。通过对西风带航段操船环境危险度评价值的分析,得出了一些有益的结论,它对于为进一步研究选择过西风带的最佳航及在大风浪中把握操纵船舶航向的时机提供了理论依据。     

济青高速公路环境保护工程设施及效果评价

虽然我国高等级公路项目完成的环境影响评价报告收不少,但其中开展环境影响后评价的项目却少之又少,而公路环境保护工程设施及效果评价则是公路项目环境影响后评价中的一个不可缺少的重要组成部分。本对济青高速公路环境保护工程设施及效果评价给予了评价。     

RFID wireless system for detection of water in the annulus of a flexible pipe

Corrosive environments are responsible for the highest degree of degradation and failure in marine structures. The presence of sea water in marine structures such as flexible pipes can cause a significant reduction in their operational life, especially when associated with permeated gases, which could lead to corrosion related failure mechanisms such as corrosion-fatigue and hydrogen cracking. The ingress of sea water into flexible pipes can occur either due to ruptures in their external polymeric sheath or to permeation of condensed water from the pipe bore. This event since flooding of the so-called annular space of flexible pipes is the trigger for all knows corrosion assisted failure modes, it is clear that a system that is able to reliably detect the presence of water in the structure is highly desirable. This work will describe a radio frequency identification (RFID) system designed for this purpose; it relies on the measurement of shifts in the resonance frequency of specially-designed tags which would be inserted within the layers of the flexible pipe during manufacturing. This paper shows the design and validation process of these tags and also of a reader which is meant to be scanned along the outside surface of the pipe by a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV). The study was performed through a finite element analysis and a test in which the tags were inserted within a full-scale mock-up of a flexible riser, which was then flooded with synthetic seawater. Results show that the shift in response due to sea water is clearly identifiable and distinguishable from other effects.     

基于母船搭载多艘小艇新型收放模式研究

如今越来越多的用户提出了母船搭载多艘小艇在超过4级以上海况安全收放小艇作业的需求,因传统小艇收放模式的应用局限性,已难以满足新的要求。本文对传统收放模式特点进行分解研究,结合用户需求和使用环境特点,提出一种吊篮式新型小艇收放模式,并简要介绍了其构成、特点及新型装置研制实施方案。     

城市中心区地铁联络线规划设计方案优化研究——以广州地铁11、13号线天河公园换乘站联络线为例

广州地铁11、13号线天河公园站地处广州市中心区,密集的建筑物、复杂的设计施工条件及较高的环境要求很大程度地限制了广州地铁11、13号线天河公园站联络线规划设计自由度。在分析原联络线方案存在问题基础上,提出采用大半径曲线使之适应盾构法施工条件和采用小半径曲线使之降低矿山法涌水涌砂施工风险两个优化联络线方案的思路,并从联络线条件、对周边环境的影响、工程风险和工程投资等方面进行比选优化研究,曲线半径为200 m的联络线方案因具有较好的技术经济效益而被推荐。研究方法及结论对高环境要求下的城市中心区地铁联络线的规划设计具有借鉴意义。最后总结城市中心区地铁联络线规划设计中应综合考虑的因素,确保最终推荐的工程方案合理可行。     

Behavioural economics,travel behaviour and environmental-transport policy

The transport sector creates much environmental pressure. Many current policies aimed at reducing this pressure are not fully effective because the behavioural aspects of travellers are insufficiently recognised. Insights from behavioural economics can contribute to a better understanding of travel behaviour and choices, and the impact of these on policies. Nevertheless, few studies have examined this issue. We review these and provide a broader, more encompassing perspective on environmental policy focused on transport, and taking into account bounded rationality as well as social preferences.     

Objective correlates and determinants of bicycle commuting propensity in an urban environment

ObjectiveBicycle use for commuting is being encouraged not only to address physical inactivity, but also vehicular congestion, air pollution and climate change. The current study aimed to ascertain the urban environmental correlates and determinants of bicycle use for commuting (bicycle commuting) among the working or studying population in Barcelona, Spain.MethodsAdults (n = 769; 52% females) recruited whilst commuting within Barcelona (Spain) responded to a comprehensive telephone survey concerning their travel behaviour. Based upon responses collected from June 2011 to May 2012, participants were categorised into four groups: frequent bicyclists, infrequent bicyclists, willing non-bicyclists, and unwilling non-bicyclists. The determinants of frequency and willingness (propensity) to commute by bicycle were assessed by multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders and covariates.ResultsThe number of public bicycle stations surrounding the home address and amount of greenness surrounding the work/study address were significant positive determinants of bicycle commuting propensity. On the other hand, the number of public transport stations surrounding the home address and elevation of the work/study address were significant negative determinants of bicycle commuting propensity. Individual age, education level, gender, nationality, physical activity level and commute distance significantly affected this propensity.ConclusionGreater availability of public bicycle stations and higher levels of urban greenness may increase bicycle use by adults commuting within a city such as Barcelona, Spain. Electrically-assisted public bicycles may address the challenge of elevation, making this system a more competitive mode against traditional motorised public transport.     

How does air pollution influence cycling behaviour? Evidence from Beijing

It is widely believed air pollution is an obstacle to cycling as it has negative effects on cyclists’ health outcomes and deteriorates their cycling experiences. However, the empirical studies investigating the impact of air pollution on cycling behaviour remains scarce. The aim of this paper is to fill the gap by looking at Beijing as a case study. The authors conducted a survey of 307 cyclists on the days with different levels of air quality in terms of concentration of PM_2.5 in 2015. The results show that in the polluted weather, those who persist in cycling are more likely to be male, over 30 years old, lower income or those who travel short distances. Specifically, female cyclists have a higher tendency to shift from cycling to public transit than the males and medium and high-income earners are more likely to shift to using a car than low income earners. The residents’ subjective perceptions of safety and comfort have major effects on their cycling behaviour. A higher perception of comfort and safety is related to a higher possibility of continuing cycling when air quality became polluted. Cycling for commuting trips is less likely to be replaced by other modes than cycling for non-commuting trips, such as shopping. Results of this study reveal that improving air quality in a metropolitan area such as Beijing has co-benefits of cycling renaissance. The huge investments into cycling infrastructure should be integrated with policies designed to create an attractive environment for cycling.     

水性涂料在铁道车辆中的应用

综述我国铁道车辆涂料的应用现状、与涂料相关的环保要求以及铁道车辆涂料的特点和存在的问题,简述水性涂料的发展概况及加快水性涂料在铁道车辆中应用方面的建议。     

我国水污染状况及控制对策

随着社会经济的快速发展,随之带来的水污染问题也日益突出,现已成为社会各界关注的主要环境问题。本文简要论述了我国水污染的现状、危害及其控制对策。