石油制品燃烧产物中有机蒸气组分的分析研究

考虑隧道火灾的特性,并参照EPA TO-2的标准方法,通过GC MS的分析手段,分别鉴定出汽油、柴油不完全燃烧产物中的55种和57种有机蒸气物及含量.     

石油制品燃烧试验条件选择研究

根据隧道火灾的特性,通过参照DIN53436标准建立的燃烧装置,在室内模拟汽油、柴油和煤油的不完全燃烧,并测定燃烧过程的O_2浓度、CO_2浓度、CO浓度和温度变化,证实其不完全燃烧程度符合ISO标准规定的要求。     

Nutrient status of the Northeast Water Polynya

The nutrient distribution in the Northeast Water Polynya (NEW) was investigated intensively between the end of May and the beginning of August 1993 during the R/V Polarstern cruise ARK IX. The major characteristics were low initial nitrate concentrations (ca. 4 μM) in the surface mixed layer of the East Greenland Shelf Water, accompanied by high silicate values (ca. 10–14 μM). These concentrations were not reduced by phytoplankton growth. Silicate was rather homogeneously distributed in the entire water column, whereas nitrate increased continuously with depth to about 13 μM. Phosphate concentrations were about 1.1 μM and had a similar distribution to that of silicate. During the course of the summer, nutrients became depleted, and nitrate was exhausted in large parts of the NEW. Silicate was reduced to values of less than 2 μM at some stations which implies that diatom growth continued despite nitrate depletion, ammonium serving as a nitrogen source. The polynya is fertilised by water with the initial nutrient concentrations downstream of the Norske Øer Ice Shelf. This process continuously supplies nutrients to the surface throughout the year and these are transported northward by the anticyclonic surface circulation following the topography of the trough system. The northern boundary of this tongue of relatively nutrient-rich water is controlled by the uptake of nutrients by phytoplankton in summer. Its extemsion is variable due to interactions between biological processes, circulation and ice cover. In the Ob Bank region the nutrient distribution can be altered by the inflow of Polar Water from the north when strong northerly winds prevail as happened during the first part of the study.     

低温对转向架结构性能的影响

分析了低温对电力机车转向架运行性能的影响,并从设计及运用的角度,对转向架结构及所用金属材料、橡胶件、润滑油和润滑脂的选择提出建议。     

二冲程低速柴油机曲轴箱爆炸的原因及预防

结合最新的事例对二冲程大型柴油机曲轴箱爆炸的原因和特点进行了分析,给出了管理和设计方面的建议,并介绍了一种新型的预防系统。     

Succession of the ecosystems of the Aral Sea during its transition from oligohaline to polyhaline water body

During 22 field trips from 1990 to 2002 (mainly the western basin of the Large Aral) data on salinity, phytoplankton, zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish fauna have been collected. In 2002, the salinity of the western basin reached 75 ppt, while that in the eastern basin, 150 ppt. In 1999–2002, 159 species of planktonic algae have been recorded. This is approximately twice as low as recorded before. The diversity of Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta and Chlorophyta in particular has dropped in the past few years. As before, currently Bacillariophyta is the most diverse plankton. However, the composition of dominants has changed. Once previously dominant species, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii, vanished from the plankton of the Aral Sea and was replaced by such diatoms as Amphora coffeaformis, A. coffeaformis var. acutiuscula and Synedra tabulata var. parva.Since 1970s, a gradual decrease in the diversity of zooplankton has been taking place. Since 1997, the formerly dominant Calanipeda aquaedulcis vanished, which apparently was the reason for the emergence of Moina salina and Artemia parthenogenetica. Since 2000, artemia has been dominant in the plankton of the Aral Sea, constituting 99% of the zooplankton biomass.In the 1970–1980s, a rapid decrease in the biodiversity of the zoobenthos was observed. In the 1990s, most aboriginal and introduced species became extinct. Currently, the bivalve mollusk Syndosmya segmentum, the ostracod Cyprideis torosa and larvae of the dipteran Chironomus salinarius can still be recorded in the western basin. In the eastern basin no benthos is observed.By 1998, in the Large Aral, only five fish species survived: baltic herring Clupea harengus membras, flounder Platichthys flesus luscus, atherine Atherina boyeri caspia and bullheads Neogobius fluviatilis and Potamoschistus caucasicus. Since 2002, only flounder and atherina have been recorded in the western basin of the Large Aral. No fish have been recorded in the eastern part of the Aral Sea in 2002.With increasing salinity and transition of the Aral Sea from an oligohaline to a polyhaline water body, its biota is becoming drastically poorer. Almost all local species became extinct in the Aral; however, some still survive (including some endemics) in some lakes around the Aral Sea. In the near future, artemia will be the only animal in the Aral Sea.     

铁路企业含油工业废水中矿物油监测分析方法探讨

根据铁路主要企业含油工业废水中油种来源及污染源特点，非分散红外光度法为首选方法。以“水和废水监测分析方法”中推荐的混合石油烃为标油，污油测得值用０．９为校正系数或以本次试验研制的混合石油烃Ⅰ为标油时均可得到准确的污油测量值。其次是紫外分光光度法。重量法适于未经处理含污油量高的工业废水和木材防腐厂含有重质油的工业废水中污油量的测定。动物油、植物油、高级脂肪酸、清洗剂对这三种方法均有不同程度的干扰。     

Distributed mass/discrete floe model for pack ice rheology computation

A new model, called the distributed mass/discrete floe model, is proposed for performing practical computations of mesoscale pack ice rheology. This model possesses the advantages of both the continuum and the discrete element models: it can express the discrete nature of pack ice, for which it is difficult to use a continuum model, and requires a much shorter computation time than a discrete element model. The pack ice is divided into ice bunches in which the floes, assumed to be distributed uniformly, are modeled as inelastic disks or rectangles floating on the water. The ice interaction forces are formulated from the relationship between the impulse on the bunch and the variation of momentum in the bunch. The ocean flow is calculated simultaneously with the floe movement using a multilayer model. In a circulating water channel, drift tests of physical model floes were performed in order to investigate the characteristics of their motion and interaction with ocean structure models. Near the structure, the floe motion depends on the floe shape. Disk floes show a lateral motion in front of the structure. They flow out around both sides of the structure and the number of floes in front of the structure decreases with the lapse of time. On the other hand, rectangular floes scarcely flow laterally. The number of floes in front of the structure remains constant over time. These experiments indicate that when the motion of pack ice around a structure is simulated, it is important to consider the floe shape. The disk floe motion and the rectangular floe motion can be regarded as extreme cases of pack ice motion. Actual pack ice motion may be between these two extremes. Computations were carried out using the distributed mass/discrete floe (DMDF) model. Simulation results were compared with the circulating water channel experiment results and sea ice motion in the southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. The DMDF model predicted the circulating water channel drift test results quite closely. The DMDF model results also compared quite well with the sea ice motion.     

论军用油库安全管理中的人机工程学问题

提出了油库人－机－环境系统的概念，论述了人机工程学在军用油库安全管理中的地位和作用，并对军用油库安全管理中系统安全工程问题进行了分析。     

油液监测信息综合应用的关键问题研究

分析了油液监测信息的组成及其特点,从原子发射光谱信息、磨损颗粒识别信息,颗粒计数信息、油品衰变信息和多手段联合应用信息等应用方面,研究了当前油液监测信息的应用情况,分析了油液监测在信息应用方面存在的问题,提出了油液监测信息应用需要解决的关键点.