Sea Cucumber Moratorium and Livelihood Diversity in Papua New Guinea

Livelihood diversity factors such as flexibility within fisheries, geographical mobility, reallocation of fishing effort into the broader economy, and the non-material benefits that fisheries provide are important areas of research in marine policy. We use two small-scale fisheries related socio-economic surveys of communities in the Tigak Islands of Papua New Guinea. The first conducted 5 years before a ban on the harvesting of sea cucumbers was imposed and the second from the present day, 5 years after the initiation of the ban—with the objectives of exploring changes in household fishing strategies (types and numbers of species targeted) and to identify any important socioeconomic factors that help explain those changes. Fishing's contribution to total household income has increased significantly (p = 0.019) up from 61% in 2004 to 73% in 2014 with the percentage of female residents living in a household now positively and significantly (p = 0.018) associated with fishing income. The average number of species categories targeted per household increased insignificantly while households with more women are significantly (p = 0.018) less likely to target more species than households with more men. Moreover, customary management practices contribute to this difference. Together, these results show that households are not worse off financially 5 years after the ban on sea cucumber harvesting and that gendered seascape use has implications for the role of livelihood diversity as a marine policy tool.     

Coastal Management and Economic Development in Developed Nations: The Forth Estuary Forum

This article considers the issue of economic development as a component of coastal management initiatives in developed countries, focusing on the Forth Estuary Forum as a case study. The evolution of coastal management into integrated coastal management is briefly considered, as is the context of the Scottish coastal management system and a brief discussion of the variations between the different legal systems within the UK. The current hurdles to economic development and the views of developers and economic agencies being considered in the coastal management process itself are highlighted, illustrating the process of integration and the current voluntary regime in the UK, particularly in the Forth Estuary Forum. The article concludes that economic development issues must be taken seriously if coastal management is to be integrated and inclusive.     

福特福克斯的动感设计

糅合了德国式的严谨、意大利式的时尚、法兰西式的浪漫，以及概念式前卫的福特福克斯，正是采用了福特的动感设计（Kinetic Design）理念所带给人们的感受。动感设计理念的核心是以物体在运动状态下的表现和反应为设计依据。让设计产品有最好的动态表现。简单说，就是一切以运动为核心，即使静止，也是为运动而准备。     

Transportation — “Current on-board vehicle systems”

The paper reviews the current situation on-board microprocessor applications. It first describes the aspects of vehicle technology and performance that are the focus for on-board computing equipment, from engine management systems through to fully intergrated driver decision support. In the second section a wider perspective is taken by examining the interaction of the vehicle and its environment. The third and final section of the paper considers elements of communication which permit extensive transmission of vehicle and journey data for public and private use. The conclusion identifies factors which will influence the speed with which further applications will be adopted.     

Long-term development of express coach services in Britain

Express coach services compete for longer distance market with car and rail, and largely cater for the leisure, tourism, and visiting friends and relatives. markets. Britain deregulated its express coach system in 1980, and it is now opportune to examine long-term impacts of that change. The initial impacts were reviewed by the authors in 1986 (Robbins & White, 1986) but such impacts do not necessarily match long-term outcomes. Monitoring of the British system has been conducted by examining service changes and data on ridership, together with financial performance of the main operator groups and technical press coverage. It can be shown that a dominant position has been retained by the major operator (National Express), with a continued decline in the role of smaller independent operators in the all-year-round daily network. However, new competition has emerged from other large groups (most notably Stagecoach ‘Megabus’ in 2003). The paper analyses the operating and marketing strategies of the new operator and contrasts these strategies with those adopted in the 1980s. Implications for the future development of the network in Britain are outlined.     

Transport policy and administration in Australia: issues and frameworks

Abstract

The Commonwealth Constitution establishes the parameters for transport policy and administration in Australia. The first part of this paper outlines this Constitutional structure. Section 2 reviews current issues in Australian transport, illustrating the significance of the Constitutional constraints and the administrative framework. This framework and its associated responsibilities is set out in detail in Sections 3 and 4, first with respect to the Commonwealth's transport interests and then with respect to the States. South Australia is used as an example in the latter context but significant differences between States are noted. The final section summarizes inter‐governmental transport research organizations and discusses the potential of the Inter‐State Commission provided for in the Constitution.     

爱尔兰铁路用2900系新型内燃动车组

介绍了爱尔兰铁路采用的2900系新型内燃动车组的结构特点以及主要设备。     

中高级轿车安全新基准 Mazda6睿翼安全技术解析

在中高轿车市场，汽车的安全性从来都是最受消费者关注的性能之一。全球各大汽车厂商在安全研发方面不遗余力，从被动安全到主动安全，汽车的安全装备也日益丰富。     

Relationships between fares, trip length and market competition

This paper analyses equilibrium fares that arise from Collusion, Cournot, Stackelberg, Bertrand and Sequential Price Competition when two profit maximising transport firms produce symmetrically differentiable services and have identical costs. Special focus is placed on how different equilibrium fares are linked to trip length. Higher operator costs and higher demand from the authorities regarding the quality of transport supply result in steeper relationships (larger rate of change) between all fares and travel distance. Also, a higher degree of substitutability between the services will in most cases make these relationships steeper. The competitive situation has less influence on fares, both absolutely and relatively, the longer routes the operators compete on.     

灵感创造永恒——奥迪设计全接触

作为一家拥有百年历史的豪华品牌,奥迪多次引领了高档汽车设计的发展潮流与方向：20世纪初,“霍希式的高雅”为业界公认：银箭Type C流线型赛车、当时风阻系数最低的奥迪100等都是具有划时代意义的产品;进入21世纪,奥迪设计屡获大奖。TT、07及多款概念车优雅简约的造型、富有张力的外观和臻于完美的细节设计常被人们誉为经典之作。今天的每一款奥迪车型,都携带着独一无二的奥迪基因。