The Movingo integrated ticket: seamless connections across the mälardalen region of Sweden

ABSTRACT

The need for improved public transport (PT) ticketing in ever-growing deregulated PT markets has made well-designed integrated ticketing systems a priority area of intervention for PT service providers around the world. Yet, very little practical evidence of its impacts are reported in Sweden and in the world at large. The focus of this study was the impacts of the Movingo integrated ticketing scheme in terms of PT patronage, user satisfaction and the perceived quality of the ticketing set-up. Three travel surveys were conducted along the Stockholm-Uppsala route. Methods including logistic regression and correlated t-tests were used to analyse the samples. The findings suggest that the scheme made rail commuting more attractive resulting in an overall increase of about 24% in ticket sales with 3% – 15% car commuters reporting that they patronised PT services after the project. The scheme also resulted in increased rail commuter satisfaction. The overall perceived quality of the ticketing set-up did not however improve due to interoperability challenges. Service providers’ uncertainty about equitable distribution of revenue among the participating service providers, interoperability challenges and the lack of interest among most of the participating service providers to sell Movingo tickets are some issues to be addressed.     

原位自生(TiC+TiB)/Ti6Al4V在300℃干滑动摩擦磨损机制

选用颗粒状TiC和条状TiB复合增强的钛基复合材料,在300℃环境温度和不同载荷下的干滑动摩擦磨损行为及其磨损机制进行研究.利用SEM、ESS、XRD等分析手段,对磨损面、剖面,磨屑等进行观察与分析;总体上复合材料磨损率降低,且增强相含量高的磨损率也低,摩擦系数小而稳定.磨损表面存在氧化物,存在磨屑脱落后的痕迹,从磨损剖面可看到一定厚度的塑性变形层及磨损过程中形成的摩擦层,对磨屑的研究中看到,小载荷时形成尺寸不超过10μm的氧化物粉末磨屑、随载荷增加开始形成10～ 25 μm的粒状磨屑、甚至出现尺寸更大的片状剥落磨屑,从而分析得出,小载荷时以氧化磨损为主,存在轻微的磨粒磨损,载荷较大时则以剥层磨损为主,并存着轻微的氧化磨损.     

Towards measures of affective and eudaimonic subjective well-being in the travel domain

Studies of the connections between transportation and subjective well-being (SWB) require a clear understanding of the conceptual composition of travel-related SWB as well as psychometric instruments to measure these complex topics. Well-established psychological scales for measuring general SWB—including both hedonic (affective and cognitive) and eudaimonic aspects—are difficult to adapt or have yet to be tested in the travel domain. Existing measures of travel liking and travel satisfaction are somewhat inadequate for these purposes, especially for representing eudaimonia. Using a questionnaire survey of 680 commuters in the Portland, Oregon, region, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses examined responses to a total of 42 items. Results suggested four-factor measurement models of both travel affect (Enjoyment, Attentiveness, Distress, and Fear) and travel eudaimonia (Health, Competence, Autonomy, and Security). Despite some limitations and opportunities for enhancements, these models show promise as ways of measuring affective and eudaimonic SWB in the travel domain for future studies and travel surveys.

     

Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

锈蚀RC梁抗弯承载力计算方法研究

工程中钢筋混凝土梁纵向受力钢筋锈蚀情况复杂，梁上作用荷载形式多变. 为获取锈蚀RC （reinforced concrete）梁的抗弯承载能力，以锈蚀钢筋混凝土简支梁为研究对象，将锈蚀RC梁视为由混凝土和锈蚀底部纵筋组成的存在粘结-滑移的组合梁，依据混凝土与锈蚀钢筋之间的变形协调条件，给出了以挠度表达的锈蚀RC简支梁平衡微分方程；将平衡微分方程的齐次解作为单元形函数，推导出了锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的单元刚度矩阵、等效节点荷载列阵以及每一荷载步锈蚀梁的内力计算公式；建立了能准确反应简支梁上荷载作用形式以及钢筋锈蚀状况的锈蚀RC梁抗弯承载力计算模型；最后通过17根锈蚀RC简支梁的试验数据对建议计算方法进行验证. 验证结果表明，抗弯承载力试验值与计算值之比的平均值为1.06，方差为0.012，二者吻合良好，该计算方法准确.      

城市轨道交通列车故障救援延误计算与仿真

针对城市轨道交通列车故障救援方式及延误计算问题,对列车故障救援作业流程进行分析,然后根据作业流程建立5种救援方式的延误计算方法,最后使用Open track对福州市某地铁线路进行列车故障救援仿真,并对仿真与计算结果进行比较分析.研究结果表明:在一定范围内提高救援速度可有效减小救援列车作业时间;所提出的计算方法可较为准确反映延误情况;在救援起讫点内,以固定闭塞运行的后序列车的延误会突增并积累,造成延误增幅的差异.     

基于AHP-TOPSIS的山区低等级公路路面破损评价方法

以山区低等级公路路面为研究对象,依据不同种类路面的破损危害性不同,拟在公路路面评价中提出路面破损指数概念,对山区低等级公路路面破损程度进行综合评价。所用模型是利用层次分析法(AHP)对不同种类的路面损毁危害性进行赋权,并利用逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)计算山区低等级公路路面破损程度与最优情况的贴近度,进而将山区低等级公路路面破损情况转化成区间为[0,1]的路面破损指数,其中路面破损指数越大表示路面的破损程度越高。此模型方法简单,能够运用少量数据对山区低等级公路路面的破损程度进行定量评价,可为山区公路的养护工作提供更准确的数据参照。     

Time-series analysis of remote-sensed chlorophyll and environmental factors in the Santa Monica–San Pedro Basin off Southern California

The time-series of remote-sensed surface chlorophyll concentration measured by SeaWiFS radiometer from September 1997 to December 2001 and the relevant hydrological and meteorological factors (remote-sensed sea surface temperature, atmospheric precipitation, air temperature and wind stress) in Santa Monica Bay and adjacent waters off southern California were analyzed using wavelet and cross-correlation statistical methods. All parameters exhibited evident seasonal patterns of variation. Wavelet analysis revealed salient long-term variations most evident in air temperature during El Niño 1997–1998 and in wind stress during La Niña 1998–1999. Short-period (<100 days) variations of remote-sensed chlorophyll biomass were mostly typical to spring seasons. Chlorophyll biomass was significantly correlated with air temperature and wind stress: an increase of chlorophyll biomass followed with 5–6-day time lag an increase of wind stress accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of air temperature. The mechanism of these variations was an intensification of phytoplankton growth resulting from the mixing of water column by wind stress and entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic layer.     

含碳量对TiCp/Ti合金摩擦磨损行为的影响

用熔铸法制备了不同含碳量的原位自生钛合金基复合材料(TiC/Ti6Al4V),采用ML-100磨粒磨损试验机研究了其耐磨性,具体分析C含量对复合材料耐磨性的影响规律。结果表明:TiC增强相颗粒的加入可以明显提高复合材料的耐磨性;复合材料耐磨性提高的原因是基体中均匀弥散分布的TiC粒子不仅提高基体的硬度,而且本身具有优良的抗磨作用。复合材料的磨损机制为:在含碳量小于2.4%时以犁削为主,形成大量一次磨屑;含碳量大于2.4%时,以剥层磨损和犁削并存。