Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

Effects of perceived safety,involvement and perceived service quality on loyalty intention among ride-sourcing passengers

Transportation - Ride-sourcing services are increasingly popular since they were first introduced in the last decade. Particularly in developing countries where public transport systems have...     

海洋钻井的数据集成原理及实践

介绍将信息技术与传统石油工业相结合的DTS(Data Totalization System)数据集成系统。该系统集成了油田开发过程中钻井、完井、油藏测试等各个阶段的现场数据，形成了完善的钻完井信息管理系统。利用计算机和信息技术对数据进行收集、整理和分析；同时实时传回后方基地对现场远程传输回的数据进行处理，作出对钻井工程具有实际指导意义的决策方案，在公司总部实现对现场施工的远程监控、动态管理，并形成涵盖整个作业区域的钻完井数据库。在过去的两年里，DTS数据集成曾服务于QHD326—A26海底大位移井、中国西北石油局的TK431井。目前已经推广到渤海QHD和SZ36—1作业区及南海作业区。     

水下航行器热动力推进系统的非线性变结构控制仿真研究

在对水下航行器热动力推进系统非线性模型进行合理简化的基础上，首次采用趋近律法设计了水下航行器变速变深运动的动力推进系统变结构控制器，并进行了数字仿真，仿真结果表明，所设计的控制器控制精度高，抑制抖振效果显著，且该方法物理概念清晰，算法简单，易于实现，对水下航行器热动力推进系统控制的工况应用有实用价值。     

联合型汽车金融服务模式探讨

我国的汽车消费贷款自2003年以前迅猛增长,2004年有所下滑,不良贷款率高,究其原因主要是我国汽车消费信贷风险过高。为了促进我国汽车工业的发展,必须探索适合我国国情的汽车金融服务模式。为此,本人特提出以下的联合型汽车金融服务模式。     

后张法预应力空间多曲线钢筋锚固损失简化计算

在预应力设计工程中,由于使用功能上的需要,预应力筋需要布置成空间曲线,其预应力锚固损失应该按照空间三维曲线来计算。现行规范给出的预应力筋的锚固损失计算公式仅适用于平面曲线钢索的预应力锚固损失计算,对于空间多曲线型钢索的预应力锚固损失计算无明确的规定。文章推导出空间曲线组合形式预应力筋的锚固损失计算公式,可供工程设计参考。     

APPLICATION OF HMB－45 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AND S100 PROTEIN IN THE IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MELANOMA

ＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＨＭＢ－４５ＭＯＮＯＣＬＯＮＡＬＡＮＴＩＢＯＤＹＡＮＤＳ１００ＰＲＯＴＥＩＮＩＮＴＨＥＩＭＭＵＮＯＨＩＳＴＯＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＤＩＡＧＮＯＳＩＳＯＦＭＥＬＡＮＯＭＡＬｉｕＤａｎｙａ（刘丹亚）；ＳｕＢａｏｓｈａｎ（苏宝山）；Ｘｕ...     

Marketing management at the world's major ports

Recent technological developments in maritime transport, particularly in container shipping and larger vessels, are having major repercussions at ports the world over. The latest wave of innovations has increased the level of competition in maritime transport, in particular in port activities. Shippers have many more alternatives available, something that tends to increase the hinterland of each port, precisely by reducing captive hinterlands. Ports are now generally moving towards formulas in which private initiative has a bigger role to play. Increases in competition combined with growth in private initiatives highlight the usefulness of marketing tools in two ways. Externally, because they help to achieve throughputs from remote points of origin and destination, and internally, by aiding the proper coordination of business and organizational activity at a commercial port. The present paper is a transversal study of the current situation of marketing and quality tools at major ports, including the opinions of a range of port commercial and marketing managers. We have also tried to describe the differentiated groups to be found at ports, as a useful methodology for identifying the nearest competition or ports with similar characteristics.     

太白蓼的生药学研究

作者对陕西特有民间药太白蓼(Polygonum taipaishanense Kung.)从来源、药材性状、显微组织结构、粉末特征和理化鉴定等方面进行了系统的生药学研究,同时进行了鞣质定性及含量测定,为太白蓼的鉴别、品质评价、质量标准的制定及进一步的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

高强高性能混凝土配合比设计技术研究

为了满足某工程中采用的高强高性能混凝土在施工中的要求,通过掺入水泥含量5%的抑制剂,来抑制混凝土的碱骨料反应;掺入70 kg/m3的粉煤灰,增强了混凝土的和易性和可泵性,降低了混凝土的水化热,提高了混凝土的耐久性,同时粉煤灰的掺入对碱骨料反应也有一定的抑制作用,给出了该高强高性能混凝土配合比材料用量,分析了该配合比的特点和混凝土在搅拌过程中的质量控制标准。该项研究对类似工程情况具有借鉴作用。