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排序方式: 共有491条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Transportation - Design of effective freight policies requires a comprehensive understanding of freight agents’ interactions. A critical component of the interaction is the freight... 相似文献
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Ing-Marie Gren Andreas Brutemark Annika K. Jägerbrand Jennie Barthel Svedén 《运输评论》2020,40(4):411-428
ABSTRACTThis study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxides (SO2) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM2.5 and lowest for NOx. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism. 相似文献
3.
C dric Nouillant Farhad Assadian Xavier Moreau Alain Oustaloup 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2002,38(4):293-315
Summary As mechatronic subsystems and especially new emerging technologies for brake systems are more and more developed, a new control architecture for ABS is proposed. The control architecture is designed using both feedback and feedforward controls that command pressure-controlled proportional servo-valves. The methods are developed to compensate for the uncertainty associated with the state of the road surface. The advantages of this strategy compared to the existing ABS strategy are discussed including simulations results using a complete vehicle and brake system model. 相似文献
4.
陆德阳 《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,10(1):100-103
荻生徂徕是日本江户时代最名的思想、学家和古辞家,同时还是一位出色的汉语教育家。他分析了汉语和日语语言系统的差别,提出从汉语语音教育着手,逐渐增加词汇量,通过大量阅读汉原的实践,最后能够如中国人一样阅读汉书籍。 相似文献
5.
作者阐述了利用JDBC技术解决查询多平台信息源的方法,通过对实验室模拟环境下探索性开发的探讨,提出了使用Servlet与Applet相结合的解决方案。 相似文献
6.
A new microeconomic model for the operation of an airline facing modal competition with uncertain total demand is developed to analyze optimal price capacity combinations. The novelty is the treatment of the capacity restriction, which is not viewed as affecting negatively individual preferences (e.g. probability of a full flight), but does influence aggregate utility. A mode choice model is used to represent unrestricted individual preferences assuming full availability (phone call demand); air capacity is treated as a variable that acts on the actual choice set. Restricted choices and total demand stochasticity are integrated in welfare calculations (users' benefits and profits). Numerical examples are given and results are analyzed in terms of load factors fare levels, and sensitivity to the stochasticity of requests.This research was partially funded by FONDECYT, Chile, Direction Génerale de l'Aviation Civile, France, the Andes Foundation and the Fulbright Commission. 相似文献
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沥青最佳用量是提高公路路面质量的前提之一。本研究的目的是开发出一个数据处理系统,它建立在最小二乘法基础上,能对热拌沥青混合料的马歇尔试验数据进行自动处理,得出最佳沥青用量OAC1和OAC2,并自动生成试验报告,便于施工现场管理。 相似文献
9.
Transporting more than 55 million passengers per day, buses are the main transit mode in Brazil. Most of these vehicles use diesel oil and this situation causes dependence on oil, extensive greenhouse gas emissions and increasing air pollution in urban areas. In order to improve this situation the options for Brazilian cities include the use of alternative fuels and new propulsion technologies, such as hybrid vehicles. This article proposes a procedure for evaluating the performance of a recently developed Brazilian hybrid-drive technology. A simple procedure is presented to compare hybrid-drive buses with conventional diesel buses in urban operation focusing on fuel economy and the potential for reducing diesel oil consumption through the use of hybrid-drive buses. Field tests carried out by the authors indicate that fuel consumption improvement through the use of hybrid-drive buses would certainly exceed 20%, resulting in lower fuel costs and reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. 相似文献
10.
Deborah Mitchell Henrik Ekstrand Xavier Prats Tomas Grönstedt 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2012,17(8):610-618
This paper considers the environmental effects of air traffic management speed constraints during the departure phase of flight. We present a CO2 versus noise trade-off study that compares aircraft departure procedures subject to speed constraints with a free speed scenario. A departure route at Gothenburg Landvetter Airport in Sweden is used as a case study and the analysis is based on airline flight recorded data extracted from the Airbus A321 aircraft. Results suggest that CO2 emissions could be reduced by 180 kg per flight if all departure speed constraints were removed at a cost of increased noise exposure below 70 dB(A). 相似文献