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排序方式: 共有791条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Ing-Marie Gren Andreas Brutemark Annika K. Jägerbrand Jennie Barthel Svedén 《运输评论》2020,40(4):411-428
ABSTRACTThis study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxides (SO2) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM2.5 and lowest for NOx. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism. 相似文献
2.
Fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain) 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
The diffusive and in situ fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) have been measured and an estimation has been made of the water–atmosphere fluxes of CO2 in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea during the spring of 1998. Each of these systems undergoes a different anthropogenic influence. The diffusive fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity obtained present values ranging between 0.54–2.65 and 0.0–2.4 mmol m−2 day−1, respectively. These ranges are in agreement with those of other coastal systems. The in situ fluxes are high and extremely variable (35–284 mmol TA m−2 day−1, 43–554 mmol DIC m−2 day−1 and 22–261 mmol dissolved oxygen (DO) m−2 day−1), because the systems studied are very heterogeneous. The values of the ratio of the in situ fluxes of TA and DIC show on average that the rate of dissolution of CaCO3 is 0.37 times that of organic carbon oxidation. Equally, the interval of variation of the relationship between the benthic fluxes of inorganic carbon and oxygen (FDIC/FDO) is very wide (0.3–13.9), which demonstrates the different contributions made by the processes of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the organic matter, as well as by the dissolution–precipitation of CaCO3. The water–atmosphere fluxes of CO2 present a clear dependence on the salinity. The brackish water of these systems (salinity<20), where maximum fluxes of 989 mmol m−2 day−1 have been estimated, act as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. The more saline zones of the estuary (salinity>30) act as a sink of CO2, with fluxes between −5 and −10 mmol m−2 day−1. 相似文献
3.
陆德阳 《上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,10(1):100-103
荻生徂徕是日本江户时代最名的思想、学家和古辞家,同时还是一位出色的汉语教育家。他分析了汉语和日语语言系统的差别,提出从汉语语音教育着手,逐渐增加词汇量,通过大量阅读汉原的实践,最后能够如中国人一样阅读汉书籍。 相似文献
4.
作者阐述了利用JDBC技术解决查询多平台信息源的方法,通过对实验室模拟环境下探索性开发的探讨,提出了使用Servlet与Applet相结合的解决方案。 相似文献
5.
客运专线连续梁桥墩线刚度限值探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
研究目的:近年来,连续梁已成为新建铁路及客运专线的常用梁型。新建铁路一次性铺设跨区间之缝线路已成为趋势,研究连续梁桥上无缝线路纵向力变化规律,探讨客运专线常见连续梁桥墩线刚度限值迫在眉睫。研究结果:提出客运专线常见连续梁桥墩线刚度限值,可指导桥梁和轨道的前期设计。 相似文献
6.
Juli n Pando Andres Araujo Francisco Javier Maqueda 《Maritime Policy and Management》2005,32(2):67-87
Recent technological developments in maritime transport, particularly in container shipping and larger vessels, are having major repercussions at ports the world over. The latest wave of innovations has increased the level of competition in maritime transport, in particular in port activities. Shippers have many more alternatives available, something that tends to increase the hinterland of each port, precisely by reducing captive hinterlands. Ports are now generally moving towards formulas in which private initiative has a bigger role to play. Increases in competition combined with growth in private initiatives highlight the usefulness of marketing tools in two ways. Externally, because they help to achieve throughputs from remote points of origin and destination, and internally, by aiding the proper coordination of business and organizational activity at a commercial port. The present paper is a transversal study of the current situation of marketing and quality tools at major ports, including the opinions of a range of port commercial and marketing managers. We have also tried to describe the differentiated groups to be found at ports, as a useful methodology for identifying the nearest competition or ports with similar characteristics. 相似文献
7.
阐述地铁隧道联络通道施工过程中进行实时监测的重要作用,介绍钢弦式应变计的测试原理及安装方法.研究盾构隧道拆除联络通道洞门管片时的纵向应力变化规律,利用应变电测法,对北京地铁盾构法隧道某联络通道开洞过程进行应力监测,为保证施工部位和周围环境的安全提供可靠的监测数据.对监测数据进行统计,并对钢管片相邻的混凝土管片受力进行对比,分析施工引起的盾构隧道管片的应力变化规律,为工程的顺利进行提供指导. 相似文献
8.
深圳地铁AFC系统安全性研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
AFC系统与地铁运营的票务收益息息相关,系统安全性的高低直接影响票务收益安全。根据深圳地铁AFC系统的现状,阐述了系统所面临的安全威胁。从硬件、软件、管理层面上分析了深圳地铁所采用的安全措施,并对系统安全性的改进做出展望。 相似文献
9.
山地城市如重庆,具有纵坡大、降雨多的特点,其全透水沥青路面结构型式与平原地区有所不同.为研究荷载作用下山地城市全透水沥青路面结构力学响应情况,借助有限元方法建立全透水沥青路面结构的三维模型,通过改变基层+蓄水层组合厚度、蓄水层模量及土基模量3个因素,分析弯沉、蓄水层层底拉应力和土基顶面压应变的响应情况.结果 表明土基模量对弯沉有显著影响,基层+蓄水层组合厚度对蓄水层层底拉应力和土基顶面压应变有显著影响,因此,可通过增加基层+蓄水层组合厚度和增大土基模量的方式来提高全透水沥青路面的强度. 相似文献
10.