先期振动对高聚物胶凝堆石料动变形特性的影响

先期振动对土石坝地震变形影响显著。通过开展不同先期动应力作用下的动三轴试验,研究了先期振动对未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料动变形特性的影响。结果表明:先期振动对未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料的弹性轴应变无明显影响,但显著降低了其塑性轴应变;未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料的残余变形在先期振动影响下显著减小,与未经受先期振动的试样相比,先期动应力为40%围压的试样,最大残余剪应变降低幅度和最大残余体应变降低幅度的平均值分别为48.1%和42.0%;先期动应力为80%围压的试样,最大残余剪应变降低幅度和最大残余体应变降低幅度的平均值分别为80.9%和71.6%。先期动应力幅值越大,再次经历动应力时未加固堆石料和高聚物胶凝堆石料产生的残余变形越小,抵抗变形能力提高越明显。最大残余变形的降低幅度与固结比、围压及高聚物含量无关。随后修正了沈珠江动残余变形模型,修正后的残余变形模型可以反映高聚物对堆石料残余剪应变和残余体应变的影响。与未经受先期振动的试样相比,先期动应力为40%围压的高聚物胶凝堆石料(高聚物质量比R_p=2%)的改进残余变形模型参数c₁和c₄分别降低了27.7%和61.2%;先期动应力为80%围压的高聚物胶凝堆石料(R_p=2%)的改进残余变形模型参数c₁和c₄分别降低了68.8%和79.3%。     

机车自动驾驶系统模式切换策略研究

受铁路基础装备技术和国内复杂运用环境限制,机车自动驾驶系统仍需在有人值守的情况下工作,所以应有完善的自动驾驶系统模式切换策略来界定值守人员和自动驾驶的权限边界。以机车运行安全为原则,基于列车纵向动力学分析动态切换时列车的平稳性,阐述了机车自动驾驶系统的模式切换策略,该策略已经运用于机车自动驾驶实际应用中。大量实践案例证明,提出的机车自动驾驶模式切换策略能够有效保证机车控制权模式切换过程中列车的安全、平稳运行,取得了良好的运行效果。     

公共自行车使用时空特性挖掘及租还需求预测

基于宁波市公共自行车刷卡数据、POI(Point of Interest)数据、气象和空气质量等数据，从数据驱动视角，深入挖掘公共自行车使用的时空特征及站点租还车需求预测。在时间上，采用KMeans算法，将站点聚为5类，探讨各类站点的时变需求规律及影响因素；在空间上，提出基于POI 数据的站点用地类型识别方法，将站点分为居住类、交通设施类、办公类和商业休闲类。构建以 15，30，60 min 为间隔，以租还车需求为目标变量的随机森林预测模型，并与常用的 BP (Back Propagation)神经网络、K最近邻方法进行比较。结果表明，随机森林模型的精度更高，适用性更强。以30 min为间隔的站点租还车需求预测精度最高，考虑站点土地利用类型后能有效提高模型的预测精度。本文结果可作为未来站点平衡调度的依据并推广应用于共享单车系统，为改善服务水平提供技术和理论支撑。     

Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

表面选区强化对钢轨波磨处轮轨滚动接触行为的影响

层流等离子体表面强化技术可大幅提高钢轨表面的硬度和耐磨性。为了揭示强化处理对轮轨滚动接触行为的影响,建立同时考虑钢轨表面选区强化和短波波磨的三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,数值计算了车轮高速滚过一个波磨周期的轮轨力、接触斑黏滑分布和残余应力应变。对比发现:表面选区强化对轮轨力和接触斑黏滑分布的影响较小,不影响钢轨承载性能;对钢轨表面残余应力应变分布的影响明显,残余应力主要集中在屈服强度较高的强化斑内而残余应变主要集中在韧性较好的基体材料上,表面选区强化有效结合了强化斑和基体材料的力学性能,形成了一种强韧的良好匹配。结果可为现场生产服务提供一定的理论指导和应用参考。     

某款商用汽车电堆散热系统方案设计

从商用汽车电堆散热系统设计要求的实际角度出发设计系统原理图,从而进行计算匹配及选型零部件,对所选零部件进行仿真校核是否满足最初的设计要求,保证商用汽车电堆散热系统的正常工作。     

PHEV能量管理策略研究

针对一款串联型插电式混合动力公交车,文章基于MTLALB建立整车和各部件数值模型。在中国典型城市公交工况下,建立基于全局优化的DP策略,并与CD-CS策略和PMP策略进行能耗对比分析。结果表明:(1)基于CD-CS策略的后期SOC在一定范围内波动,DP策略与PMP策略的SOC轨迹近似呈线性变化。(2)CD-CS策略较DP策略的能耗成本高22.68%,PMP策略比DP策略的能耗成本高0.30%。DP策略与PMP策略可以合理分配能量源,实现全局最优,但DP策略相比PMP策略计算量大。     

时间社会学视角下老年人对家庭出行行为的影响研究

为阐述家庭微观社会情境中老年人与同住成员之间的行为交互对个体出行决策的影响，本文从时间社会学视角出发，以昆明市有老年人家庭为分析单元，用家庭贡献度量化老年人家务活动的分担程度，构建结构方程模型揭示老年人对家庭成员日常活动时间结构的影响，进而剖析成员间的活动交互影响机理.结果表明：老年人家庭贡献度增加时，成员间在非通勤活动上的交互效用减弱；由于女家长在时间结构上呈现隐形的“时间贫困”特征，其在活动-出行模式上受老年人家庭贡献度的影响显著高于男家长；与此同时，老年人作用下女家长在非通勤活动出行决策时优先考虑家务活动的时间安排，而男家长则优先考虑自由活动的安排.     

我国电力机车及动力车通风系统

简要地说明了我国电力机车及动力车通风系统的发展情况，尤其是交流传动技术对我国电力机车及动力车通风系统的发展的重要影响，同时，还详细分析了各种通风方式的特点，为电力机车及动力车通风系统简统化设计提供了多种选择模式。     

电力机车车轴热处理工艺的研究

分析了EA4T钢的性质特征以及传统调质处理工艺所存在的问题,系统地研究了正火、淬火及回火工艺对材料的组织及性能的影响规律。通过系统的实验,探索出了DJ4型机车车轴的最佳热处理工艺参数。