Deciphering interactions between white-tailed deer and approaching vehicles

Deer-vehicle collisions are a major transportation hazard, but factors affecting deer escape decision-making in response to vehicle approach remain poorly characterized. We made opportunistic observations of deer response to vehicle approach during daylight hours on a restricted-access facility in Ohio, USA (vehicle speeds were ≤64 km/h). We hypothesized that animal proximity to the road, group size, vehicle approach, and ambient conditions would affect perceived risk by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to vehicle approach, as measured by flight-initiation distance (FID). We constructed a priori models for FID, as well as road-crossing behavior. Deer responses were variable and did not demonstrate spatial or temporal margins of safety. Road-crossing behavior was slightly and positively influenced by group size during winter. Deer showed greater FIDs and likelihood of crossing when approached in the road; directionality of approach likely increased the perceived risk. These findings are consistent with antipredator theory relative to predator approach direction.     

谈防止船舶碰撞的方法

防止船舶发生碰撞事故，是保证船舶安全航行的重要环节，是驾驶人员在航行值班中的首要职责。笔者在长期教学和实践中总结而得的“各走自己的航路”、“加强嘹望”、“使用安全航速”、“正确使用信号”等方法，对防止船舶碰撞起到了一定的作用。     

三峡库区船舶碰撞能量损失方法的研究

采用外部碰撞力学方法计算2艘2 000 t级化学品船以不同速度,不同碰撞角,在不同碰撞点相撞后的能量损失,并利用显示动力有限元软件LS_DYNA模拟2艘化学品船在能量损失最大情况下碰撞的响应.     

Lights,camera, legal action! The effectiveness of red light cameras on collisions in Los Angeles

This study estimates the effect of red light cameras (henceforth cameras) on collisions under the Los Angeles Automated Photo Enforcement Program that ran from 2006 to 2011. To control for selection bias and unobservables, a data set is constructed such that intersections with cameras are compared to control groups of nearby intersections without cameras, matched on observable characteristics. To capture potential spillover effects of cameras, control groups at various distances from the intersections with cameras are considered. A Poisson panel data model with random coefficients is applied to these data and estimated using Bayesian methods. The program suffered from weaknesses in enforcement. The city’s courts did not uphold citations and this dampened the effect cameras had on drivers. These problems are accounted for in modeling. Controlling for these concerns, results indicate that the cameras decreased red light running related collisions, but increased right-angle and injury collisions, as well as collisions overall.     

船舶避碰领域的知识与专家系统

本文应用专家系统的理论和海上交通工程学对船舶行为的研究成果，对船舶避碰领域的知识进行了形式化处理，并提出一种建造船舶避碰专家系统的设计思路。     

对遇局面中的船舶避碰

分析对遇局面条款的内涵,指出对遇局面与对驶局面的区分方法。并进一步结合事故案例,阐述船舶在对遇局面下产生碰撞的原因,提出了相应的避碰措施,以使船舶指挥人员今后更好地掌握《1972年国际海上避碰规则(2001年修正)》(以下简称《规则》)的精神实质,正确指挥船舶,保证其航行安全。     

交叉相遇局面中两船的避碰

根据国际海上操纵与避碰规则与航海实践经验,介绍交叉相遇局面中两船的责任划分,并对两船的避碰时机以及船舶操纵加以说明。     

基于驾驶模拟器的驾驶人制动后制动踏板操作行为分析

制动过程主要由制动前的反应过程以及制动后的减速过程组成.研究制动后避撞行为对于理解驾驶人的避撞行为、建立制动曲线模型等有着重要作用.利用配有8自由度运动系统的高仿真驾驶模拟器,研究了驾驶人在不同前车减速度(0.3,0.5,0.75g)和不同车头时距(1.5,2.5 s)的制动后制动踏板操作行为.利用ANOVA模型分别比较了驾驶人制动后制动踏板操作行为参数的.差异.结果表明,踩踏板速率随着制动时车头时距的减少而增加,并且随着前车减速度的减少而减少;新手驾驶人的踩踏板速率普遍大于经验驾驶人;相比于前车速度的改变,驾驶人对制动时车头时距的变化更加敏感.     

避让规则与船舶安全航行——对长江江苏段多起船舶碰撞事故的分析

通过对长江江苏段多起船舶碰撞事故进行原因分析,探讨船舶在航行和避让时其行动通则是否符合《中华人民共和国内河避碰规则》和《长江江苏段船舶定线制规定》中的有关规定;并提出了加强船舶安全航行的对策和建议,同时指出严格遵守规则和按章操作是保证船舶安全航行的先决条件,以期船舶的驾引人员养成良好的操作习惯,保证船舶的安全航行．