基于ARM和μC/OS-II的船用柴油机最低油耗航速控制系统设计与实现

介绍一种船舶柴油机最低油耗航速控制系统.利用这套系统可以在不影响船舶航行安全和航运周期的前提下,通过实时检测的方式,控制主机运行于最低油耗航速,从而大大降低船舶航行时的主机燃油消耗.     

Voyage-based statistical fuel consumption models of ocean-going container ships in Korea

ABSTRACT

Accurately estimating fuel consumption of ships is crucial for shipping companies, port authorities, and environmental protection agencies. The bottom-up approach is becoming increasingly popular because it can estimate ship fuel consumption by accounting for ship activity conditions, such as changes in voyage speed, time, and distance; however, its use is still limited when estimating ship fuel consumption. Ship-specific information, such as the daily fuel consumption rate for main and auxiliary engines for every vessel, is expensive to gather, and generally not collected from private shipping companies. To address this research gap, we develop simplified and composite ship fuel consumption models for ocean-going container ships by size using a regression model. To estimate the fuel consumption models for container ships, we rely on ship activity data, including average speed and sailing time, distance, and actual fuel consumption for main and auxiliary engines. This information is obtained from a major container shipping company in Korea. We estimate and validate the parameters associated with fuel consumption for five different container ship sizes, all of which are smaller than the Post-Panamax container ship (15,000 TEU and above).     

混合动力电动船舶模糊逻辑控制策略

混合动力电动船舶对于纯电动船舶具有较好的续航能力,适用于航线较长且具有随机性的船舶工况,同时对于工程作业船舶工况其可以降低柴油发电机为动力的工程作业船舶柴油机功率,减少燃油消耗与排放。本文分析了上述两种不同船舶工况特点,并针对该工况采用串联式混合动力结构作为船舶动力系统结构并根据工况需求设计了相应的模糊逻辑控制策略。运用MATLAB/Simulink搭建了系统仿真模型,仿真结果表明,所设计串联式混合动力系统及其模糊逻辑控制策略能够在上述两种船舶工况下实现控制要求。     

船舶混合动力系统的发展与应用

随着技术进步与环保需求,船舶的动力系统不断改进,混合动力系统以其良好的操纵性能、较高的燃油效率及某些场合零排放的工作特性而备受关注。文章从船舶混合动力系统的发展历程出发,逐步阐述混合动力船舶的工作特性、典型架构、运行模式及其优势所在。通过对该类船舶目前国内外应用状况及效果的描述与分析,提出在未来5到10年左右,基于储能系统的混合动力船舶数量将显著增长,且适用范围将扩展到新建造的商船中,成为未来船舶的发展方向之一。     

船用热管废气锅炉设计与运行

本文介绍了热管废气锅炉的设计及在实船上的运行情况,该锅炉经过一年多时间的考验,证明热管工作性能良好,在船舶上应用提高了动力装置热效率、降低了燃油的消耗,为今后船舶节能提供了一条新的途径。     

集装箱船载化学品事故应急现状及对策—“达飞费德里奥”轮事故应急行动引发的思考

集装箱船舶运输迅猛发展的同时，涉及集装箱危险货物运输的事故也逐年增多，危险化学品本身性质复杂，且变化迅速，险情分析比较复杂，险情等级较难确定，给船员人命安全和海洋环境造成重大威胁。文中结合一船载集装箱危险品事故的应急处理，剖析当前化学品事故应急过程中存在的问题，并提出了相应的建议。     

Energy efficiency optimization analysis of fuel cell/lithium battery hybrid ship based on whale optimization algorithm北大核心CSCD

[目的]为提升船舶的能源利用率,对多因素影响下的燃料电池/锂电池混合动力船舶能效优化方法进行分析。[方法]基于Matlab/Simulink仿真建模软件,建立对象船舶的能效仿真模型,研究通航环境要素对船舶能效的影响。考虑动力源特性和船舶功率需求,提出基于模糊逻辑的功率分配策略,以优化系统能量流动。然后在此基础上,以系统总能耗最低为优化目标,建立考虑多因素的船舶航速非线性优化模型,采用鲸鱼优化算法开展优化模型动态寻优,并进行不同航行方法和航行时间约束下的能效优化分析。[结果]结果显示,在总航行时间不变的情况下,采用所提的考虑多因素的船舶能效优化方法可以降低船舶5.04%的总能耗和13.16%的燃料电池氢气总消耗。[结论]所述方法对船舶节能减排具有积极的作用,同时对提高船舶续航力和经济性具有重要意义。     

舰船接地技术与EMI控制

论述了近十年国内外舰船的主要接地技术和在控制电磁干扰方面的应用.具体分析了舰面设备或部件上感应电压产生的原因和相应的控制技术,介绍了接地技术在提高屏蔽电缆屏蔽效能和减小耦合方面的应用,讨论了舰用数字计算机接地系统的基本组成和安装要求,提出了舰船系统接地的基本原则.     

结合功率管理推力分配策略研究

由于动力定位对船舶的推进能力要求比较高,所以采用动态性能更好的电力推进方式已经成为了动力定位船舶的优先选择。对于电力推进船舶来说,推进器是其最大的负载,以起重船为研究对象,除了推进器以外,船上还有起重机和绞锚车等大功率负载。当船上其他大功率负载突然启动或者工作在风浪较大的环境时,会造成整个船舶电网功率波动较大,影响整个船舶电网的稳定性。文章提出自适应组合推力偏置结合功率管理分配方法,当船舶电网功率波动较大时,释放偏置的推力,降低整个船舶电网的功率波动,有助于增强电网的稳定性。     

珠海高栏港船舶大气污染物排放清单研究

基于珠海高栏港船舶活动数据与船舶能耗报告数据,结合《非道路移动源大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南》中排放因子与辖区实际燃油取样检查中的含硫量,运用燃油消耗法,建立了珠海高栏港2018年沿海及远洋船舶大气污染物排放清单,以期为大气环境科学领域对船舶排放影响进行定量研究提供重要基础,也为管理部门提供更加科学的决策依据和有效的治理措施。     

The impact of port operations on efficient ship operation from both economic and environmental perspectives

Recently, shipping lines have focused on efficient ship operation, which relates to energy efficiency issues in shipping and, particularly, to operational issues such that the minimisation of fuel consumption and resulting greenhouse gas emissions. Efficient ship operation in container lines is closely related to the ship’s time at sea and ship’s time in port. Reduction in port time, thanks to high-quality port operations, allows improvement in the operational efficiency of a liner service by reducing the fuel consumption of a ship at sea and its resulting CO₂ emissions. The main goal of this article is to investigate how time in port affects efficient ship operation in terms of operating costs, CO₂ emissions and externalities. For this, as a methodology, a simulation based upon system dynamics is introduced. Major finding is that less time in port resulting from the improvement of port operations contributes to efficient ship operation in terms of operating costs, amount of CO₂ emissions and external effects in the liner shipping industry. In particular, a sensitivity analysis on efficient ship operation vis-à-vis the quality of port operation shows that bigger ships need to select highly productive calling ports that provide less time in port.     

Ship resistance when operating in floating ice floes: Derivation,validation, and application of an empirical equation

With the effects of global warming, the Arctic is presenting a new environment where numerous ice floes are floating on the open sea surface. Whilst this has improved Arctic shipping navigability in an unprecedented way, the interaction of such floes with ships is yet to be understood to aid the designing of ships and route planning for this region. To further explore this topic, the present work develops a procedure to derive an empirical equation that can predict the effects of such floes on ship resistance. Based on a validated computational approach, extensive data are extracted from simulations of three different ships with varying operational and environmental conditions. The ice-floe resistance is shown to strongly correlate with ship beam, ship buttock angle, ship waterline angle, ship speed, ice concentration, ice thickness and floe diameter, and the regression powers of each of the parameters on resistance are ascertained. This leads to a generic empirical equation that can swiftly predict ice-floe resistance for a given ship in a given condition. Subsequently, demonstrations are given on the incorporation of the derived equation into a set of real-time Arctic ship performance model and voyage planning tool, which can predict a ship's fuel consumption in ice-infested seas and dynamically suggest a route with the least safety concern and fuel consumption. Moreover, the equation is validated by providing ice resistance prediction for experimental and full-scale conditions from multiple sources, showing high accuracy. In conclusion, the empirical equation is shown to give valid and rapid estimates for ice-floe resistance, providing valuable insights into ship designs for the region, as well as facilitating practical applications for polar navigation.     

船舶碰撞缓冲型球鼻艏概念探讨--球鼻曲率对碰撞的影响

船舶碰撞事故中，被撞油船船侧的破裂会引起严重的海洋污染，故油船双层船壳设计成为防止被撞油船破损的有效措施。但随着海上运输船舶的数目及尺度的日益增大，双层船壳已不能满足防止船侧破损的要求。本文提出了缓冲型球算般的构思。在船舶相撞的过程中，球鼻艏曲率的尖锐程度影响被撞船船侧的损伤程度，故提出并讨论了表征球鼻艏碰撞特性的标志性参数。通过对不同曲率的球鼻艏一系列的碴撞数值仿真计算，详细描述了外形曲率对球鼻艏的变形形态、碰撞力、碰撞力密度及能量吸收的影响，指出船舶采用钝形的球鼻艏能有效减小碰撞时的穿透损伤。     

双燃料船机舱火灾爆炸故障树分析（英文）

In recent years, China's increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel(diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis.The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events.According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships.     

在航船舶尾气无人机遥测技术研究与应用

为打好船舶大气污染防治攻坚战,落实交通运输部海事局"陆海空天"一体化海事监管体系建设方向,提升我国海洋、内河及环境情况复杂水域中在航船舶尾气监测的自动化水平,研究了小型化的船舶尾气嗅探传感器,利用无人机搭载嗅探传感器实时监测在航船舶尾气中的SO2和CO2浓度,依此反推船舶燃油的硫含量.选择对上海(排放控制区)关键水域的...     

Fault tree analysis of fire and explosion accidents for dual fuel (diesel/natural gas) ship engine rooms

In recent years, China’s increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel (diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis. The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events. According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships.     

Cost assessment of ship emission reduction methods at berth: the case of the Port of Piraeus,Greece

This paper addresses the problem of ship exhaust emissions at the Port of Piraeus and undertakes the challenge of finding a cost-effective option for its reduction according to the upcoming requirements of the 2005/33/EU Directive, through analysis of port traffic data and the utilisation of the experience gained through previous studies in this field. The Port of Piraeus makes a particularly suitable reference for this type of work, since it is one of the busiest and highly urbanised ports in the world. It is shown that cruise ships calling at Piraeus fulfill the criteria of selection for such an exercise by virtue of their frequency of calling, berth power requirements and time spent at berth. It was found that, according to current practice, cruise ships at berth consume 11 034 tons of fuel and produce 620.1 tons of NO_X, 274.8 tons of SO₂ and 20.7 tons of PM, totalling to 915.6 tons of exhaust emissions per year. This represents an overall annual cost of 21 million euro, divided between private (bunkering) and external (emission damage) costs by 19.4% and 80.6%, respectively. With regard to the upcoming EU requirements for ship power at berth, it was found that, irrespective of whether operating on ultralow-sulphur (0.1% sulphur) fuel or on shore-side electricity, a sizeable reduction in emissions and associated external costs is achieved, whereas private costs were always higher than those of the current practice. Comparing the two options, it was further found that the shore-side electricity presents the lowest external costs but highest private costs, whereas the overall costs are around 25% lower than the onboard use of ultralow-sulphur fuel.     

On the time for the abandonment of flooded passenger ships due to collision damages

The time dependency of the survivability of passenger ships in flooding accidents leading to ship’s loss is shown to be confined within short times after the flooding initiation. RoRo ferry and cruise type ships demonstrate similar behaviour, though vessel types differ with respect to the subdivision and the flooding process. The presented research is based on numerical simulations of the flooding of two sample passenger ships in collision damages and the estimation of the probability to capsize. The systematic fast character of capsize events is shown to be primarily a consequence of the extent of hull breaches. The IMO regulatory concept for orderly abandonment of damaged passenger ships, in addition to the safe return to port regulatory provisions, are discussed in view of the present results. The timely onboard damage identification by ship’s master and the enhancement of the SOLAS survivability requirements for passenger ships appear to be the most effective operational and design measures leading to improved survivability of the ship and to enhanced safety of people onboard.     

Formal safety assessment and application of the navigation simulators for preventing human error in ship operations

The International Maritime Organization （IMO） has encouraged its member countries to introduce Formal Safety Assessment （FSA） for ship operations since the end of the last century. FSA can be used through certain formal assessing steps to generate effective recommendations and cautions to control marine risks and improve the safety of ships. On the basis of the brief introduction of FSA, this paper describes the ideas of applying FSA to the prevention of human error in ship operations. It especially discusses the investigation and analysis of the information and data using navigation simulators and puts forward some suggestions for the introduction and development of the FSA research work for safer ship operations.     

液化天然气作为船用燃料的可行性研究

为减轻船舶航行对大气造成的污染,公认清洁且价廉的天然气自然地成为船用燃料的首选对象。目前已在高消费的北欧国家小型船舶上使用。基于收集到的资料,对天然气能否作为最理想和最经济的替代物,能否在航运业普遍使用作了可行性研究和探讨。