发动机制动、排气制动与缓行器联合作用的模糊控制系统研究

针对客车山区道路下坡行驶过程中对稳定车速的要求，对客车发动机制动、排气制动与缓行器联合作用时的制动模糊控制系统进行了设计和模拟分析。结果表明此控制系统可以保证汽车在不采用主制动器的条件下，利用发动机制动、排气制动与缓行器联合作用的持续制动方式，在各种坡度的坡道上以希望的车速稳定下坡行驶。     

基于模糊控制的发动机排气缓速制动控制方法的研究

介绍了发动机排气缓速器的工作原理,针对汽车在连续长下坡行驶时对安全稳定车速的要求,提出了基于模糊控制理论的发动机排气缓速制动控制方法,对控制器结构和模糊控制规则进行了设计。     

基于GGAP-RBF的重型载货汽车持续制动匹配分级控制策略

为了有效降低长大下坡路段重型载货汽车行车制动器的使用频率和驾驶强度,基于持续制动匹配等级和广义生长剪枝径向基函数(GGAP-RBF)减速度估计模型提出持续制动匹配控制策略。首先以重型载货汽车为研究对象,基于发动机制动、排气制动和电涡流缓速器制动试验研究持续制动力随行驶车速的变化关系;然后以当前车速、车速差以及道路坡度作为输入参数,需求减速度作为输出参数,基于GGAP-RBF建立需求减速度估计模型;最后依据需求制动力与等级制动力差值最小原则选择持续制动匹配等级,同时分别进行定坡度工况下试验验证和变坡度工况下仿真研究以验证控制效果。结果表明:4.2%定坡度工况下,采用所提出的控制策略持续制动等级仅切换2次,比控制最优驾驶人切换少1次,速度变化基本一致;13 160m变坡度工况下,能够实现稳定减速,150m后达到预定车速,随后在60~62km·h~(-1)范围内变化,具有变坡度工况适应性强的特点;所提出的控制策略能够依靠持续制动匹配分级控制而有效降低行车制动器的使用频率和驾驶强度,实现车辆减速和稳定车速下坡行驶的效果。     

客车液力缓速器制动性能仿真

为避免制动盘或制动鼓因过度磨损而造成制动失灵,文章建立了客车液力缓速器、行车制动器、行驶阻力及整车制动的数学模型,利用Matlab/Simulink组建了客车制动性能仿真模型。仿真内容包括客车在平路和长下坡路上制动时,行车制动器单独作用,液力缓速器与行车制动器联合作用和液力缓速器不同充液率下单独作用的制动仿真。仿真结果表明:和未使用液力缓速器相比,使用液力缓速器在平路和长下坡路上,可以减少制动时间和制动距离;在下坡过程中,单独使用液力缓速器可以使客车最终保持在某一较低稳定车速;液力缓速器的制动作用随着充液率的增加而增强。     

基于道路行驶工况辨识的重型载货汽车排气制动系统主动控制研究

针对长下坡路段行驶的重型载货汽车因驾驶人路况不熟悉而行车制动系统使用不当引发制动器热衰退风险的问题，本文提出了基于道路行驶工况辨识的重型载货汽车排气制动系统主动控制策略。考虑到山区路段道路纵向坡度信息难准确获取，且制动踏板动作特征与其他路段存在显著的差异，文中选取时间窗内制动踏板平均开度、持续作用时间和制动踏板作用时间比例分别建立了下坡路段行驶制动工况和其他路面制动工况，利用制动踏板动作与开启排气制动系统的因果关系建立了具有连续时间序列特性隐马尔可夫模型。考虑到时间窗长度对控制效果的影响，文中建立时间窗长度为30、60、90和120 s的4种模型，利用京昆高速雅安-西昌段K25-K174左线和右线试验数据进行离线训练和在线辨识验证。道路试验和仿真结果表明：文中提出的控制策略能够准确辨识车辆行驶工况，能够实现排气制动系统主动控制，降低了对驾驶人的高度依赖，从而提高了重型载货汽车下坡路段行驶安全性。     

客车辅助制动性能试验研究

介绍客车辅助制动系统的分类、作用及原理。以某型客车为例,依据相关标准,采用减速度测定试验方法来测试样车的辅助制动性能。结果表明,缓速器制动的制动效能要优于发动机制动和发动机排气制动;采用发动机制动、发动机排气制动与缓速器联合工作的方式,能够有效地改善高速行车时的制动效能。     

重型汽车发动机排气辅助制动效能的分析研究

汽车在山区丘岭地带公路上，尤其是夏季下坡行驶时，由于制动频次较高，行车制动器易热过载，影响汽车行驶安全性，因此，在重型汽车上大多装有无衰退性辅助制动装置。文章以典型车型为例，对重型汽车发动机排气辅助制动过程、特性、效能及其评价指标进行分析研究，提出合理使用排气制动以及改进其效能的技术措施。     

基于发动机制动与电涡流缓速器联合特性的山区公路连续长大下坡路段辅助减速车道研究

目前重型货车在下长大坡路段持续制动极易引起行车安全问题。本文提出在长大下坡路段增设辅助减速车道,在一定程度上可缓解下坡压力。因此,引入温升模型,计算车辆下坡失速模型,确定下坡安全距离,以此为缓速车道设计提供依据。首先对发动机制动和电涡流缓速器联合作用下对重型汽车下坡进行研究。其次根据车辆系统动力学,进行汽车下坡能力分析。结合对汽车在制动鼓安全温度阈值内的汽车安全下坡距离的研究,得到下坡安全距离最长坡长为10 km左右,行驶坡度平均范围为3%～7%。基于此确定辅助减速车道的设定位置。     

混合动力汽车发动机辅助制动控制方法

本文中提出一种基于行驶安全性和乘坐舒适性的并联式混合动力汽车发动机辅助制动控制方法。首先通过对下坡路段车辆行驶特性的分析,选择了发动机辅助制动的接入时机;分析了发动机接入过程中起动电机与离合器的动态协调过程;接着为保持发动机接入过程中的车速稳定,提出了发动机辅助制动接入过程中驱动电机的协调控制;最后通过实车实验对所提出的策略进行了验证,结果表明,该策略不仅可以提高并联式混合动力汽车在下坡路段的行驶安全和传动系部件的使用寿命,而且可以明显改善乘员的乘坐舒适性。     

发动机排气缓速式辅助制动装置的原理和效率

主要行驶在矿山或山区公路上的汽车经常要下坡,为不使汽车在自身重力作用下不断加速到危险程度,应当对汽车进行持续制动,从而使汽车速度稳定在某个安全值.     

汽车制动性能比较分析

汽车的制动性能关系剑汽车安全行驶性能。ABS防抱死系统的应用是汽车安全性方面最重要的技术进展。通过对装备ABS汽车与普通汽车制动距离的计算比较分析发现,在湿滑的道路上突然制动,ABS系统可以使驾驶员能够保持车辆行驶平稳,在较短的距离内将汽车刹住。但在不湿滑的路面上,缩短刹车距离的范同值比较小。而在冰雪路面上行驶的车辆,没有装备ABS的汽车在湿路面或冻路面上制动时,制动距离会过长且不能猛烈转向。而装备ABS系统的汽车也是如此,因为尽管ABS能提供附加的制动控制和转向控制,但它不能解决这样一个客观的物理事实：那就是在较滑的路面上,可利用的牵引力很小。     

Robust control of anti-lock brake system

A robust control algorithm for an anti-lock brake system is proposed. The method used is based on static-state feedback of longitudinal slip and does not involve controller scheduling with changing vehicle speed or road adhesion coefficient estimation. An improvement involving scheduling of longitudinal slip reference with longitudinal acceleration measurement is included. Electromechanical braking actuators are used in simulations, and the algorithm used in this study is shown to have high performance on roads with constant and varying adhesion coefficients, displaying nice robustness properties against large vehicle speed and road adhesion coefficient variations. Guidelines are provided for tuning controller gains to cope with unknown actuator delay and measurement noise.     

Cooperative control of the motor and the electric booster brake to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle

A cooperative control algorithm for an in-wheel motor and an electric booster brake is proposed to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle. The in-wheel system was modeled by dividing it into motor and mechanical parts, and the electric booster brake was modeled through tests. In addition, the response characteristics of the in-wheel system and the electric booster brake were compared through a frequency response analysis. In the cooperative control, the road friction coefficient was estimated using the wheel speed, motor torque, and braking torque of each wheel, and the torque limit of the wheel to the road was determined using the estimated road friction coefficient. Based on the estimated road friction coefficient and torque limit, a cooperative algorithm to control the motor and the electric booster brake was proposed to improve the stability of the in-wheel electric vehicle. The performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm was evaluated through a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS). Furthermore, to verify the performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm, a test environment was constructed for the anti-lock braking system (ABS) hydraulic module hardware, and the performance of the cooperative control algorithm was compared with that of the ABS by means of a HILS test.     

Modeling and control of an anti-lock brake and steering system for cooperative control on split-mu surfaces

The brake and steering systems in vehicles are the most effective actuators that directly affect the vehicle dynamics. In general, the brake system affects the longitudinal dynamics and the steering system affects the lateral dynamics; however, their effects are coupled when the vehicle is braking on a non-homogenous surface, such as a split-mu road. The yaw moment compensation of the steering control on a split-mu road is one of the basic functions of integrated or coordinated chassis control systems and has been demonstrated by several chassis suppliers. However, the disturbance yaw moment is generally compensated for using the yaw rate feedback or using wheel brake pressure measurement. Access to the wheel brake pressure through physical sensors is not cost effective; therefore, we modeled the hydraulic brake system to avoid using physical sensors and to estimate the brake pressure. The steering angle controller was designed to mitigate the non-symmetric braking force effect and to stabilize the yaw rate dynamics of the vehicle. An H-infinity design synthesis was used to take the system model and the estimation errors into account, and the designed controller was evaluated using vehicle tests.     

牵引力控制系统模糊PI控制方法研究

提出牵引力控制系统的油门模糊增量PI控制算法和驱动轮制动模糊PI控制算法。在建立汽车加速过程的发动机模型、制动器模型、轮胎模型、整车模型和路面自动识别系统的基础上，采用所提出的控制算法对典型附着路面上的牵引力控制过程进行了仿真模拟。结果表明路面自动识别系统能识别路面附着变化，有效抑制各种工况的驱动轮过度滑转，有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于高空视频图像的山地城市信号交叉口到达车辆运行特征分析

为明确山地城市信号交叉口到达车辆的运行特征及其影响因素，通过无人机采集4个位于山地城市的道路信号交叉口的高空视频图像数据，利用基于DataFromSky云平台的AI视频分析技术，获得车辆运行参数。基于车辆运行时空图，得到了交叉口直行道停止线前车辆停滞延误特征、停止线位置车头时距和车头间距统计特征，分析车头间距、停止线截面处速度及道路平均坡度之间的相关性。结果表明:不同路段同一排队位次和同一路段不同排队位次的车辆运行特征均有所不同，排队位次越靠前的车辆，停车点分布区间越集中，下坡路段整体停车位置分布范围比上坡路段大；无论是上坡、下坡，还是缓坡，排队位次越靠前的车辆停滞延误分布范围越大，而靠后的车辆停滞延误分布范围小，最大值出现在下坡路段；不同路段类型车头时距分布均集中于1.5 s，上坡路段的车头时距离散程度最大，但峰值比下坡路段和缓坡路段小；不同路段类型的车头间距分布均集中于10 m，上坡路段和下坡路段车头间距分布出现左偏现象，而缓坡路段车头间距分布更为集中；车头间距在上坡、下坡和缓坡路段均和车辆经过停止线位置处时的速度存在较强的正相关性；道路平均坡度与相邻2车车头间距存在正相关性。      

Novel coordinated algorithm for Traction Control System on split friction and slope road

A Traction Control System (TCS) is used to avoid excessive wheel-slip via adjusting active brake pressure and engine torque when vehicle starts fiercely. The split friction and slope of the road are complicated conditions for TCS. Once operated under these conditions, the traction control performance of the vehicle might be deteriorated and the vehicle might lack drive capability or lose lateral stability, if the regulated active brake pressure and engine torque can’t match up promptly and effectively. In order to solve this problem, a novel coordinated algorithm for TCS is brought forward. Firstly, two brake controllers, including a basic controller based on the friction difference between the two drive wheels for compensating this difference and a fuzzy logic controller for assisting the engine torque controller to adjust wheel-slip, are presented for brake control together. And then two engine torque controllers, containing a basic PID controller for wheel-slip control and a fuzzy logic controller for compensating torque needed by the road slope, are built for engine torque control together. Due to the simultaneous and accurate coordination of the two regulated variables the controlled vehicle can start smoothly. The vehicle test and simulation results on various road conditions have testified that the proposed method is effective and robust.     

柴油机排气制动控制技术研究

介绍了基于CAN总线的柴油机排气制动控制系统。设计完成了以DSP控制器为主、S12控制器为辅的发动机排气制动控制系统,二者通过CAN总线方式进行通信,采用步进电机驱动排气蝶阀方式实现了排气节流控制。在单缸柴油机上通过反拖功率和减速测量的方法,进行了制动试验。分析了发动机在不同转速和不同的蝶阀制动角度下的排气制动效果。试验结果表明,排气制动作为一种辅助制动系统,在排气蝶阀的制动角度较大时制动作用明显。     

Self-tuning control algorithm design for vehicle adaptive cruise control system through real-time estimation of vehicle parameters and road grade

The main purpose of this paper is to design a self-tuning control algorithm for an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system that can adapt its behaviour to variations of vehicle dynamics and uncertain road grade. To this aim, short-time linear quadratic form (STLQF) estimation technique is developed so as to track simultaneously the trend of the time-varying parameters of vehicle longitudinal dynamics with a small delay. These parameters are vehicle mass, road grade and aerodynamic drag-area coefficient. Next, the values of estimated parameters are used to tune the throttle and brake control inputs and to regulate the throttle/brake switching logic that governs the throttle and brake switching. The performance of the designed STLQF-based self-tuning control (STLQF-STC) algorithm for ACC system is compared with the conventional method based on fixed control structure regarding the speed/distance tracking control modes. Simulation results show that the proposed control algorithm improves the performance of throttle and brake controllers, providing more comfort while travelling, enhancing driving safety and giving a satisfactory performance in the presence of different payloads and road grade variations.