Crew resource management training in the maritime industry: a literature review

The study is based on a literature review of recent empirical research on crew resource management (CRM) training in the maritime industry, organised around what non-technical skills to learn and how. The review indicates that existing work is dominated by individualistic theories of learning with less focus on learning as a social process. Five main categories of skills that need to be trained are identified: assertiveness, decision-making, communication, situation awareness and team coordination. We argue that it is necessary to operationalise these broad concepts further, emphasising the work context and crew-specific needs. The review also shows that a combination of classroom lectures and simulator-based exercises is commonly used in maritime education and training in these skills. The learning effect seems to be suffering from training programmes that are exported ‘as is’ from aviation and not adjusted to the maritime domain or to operation-specific needs. This paper examines maritime crew resource management training from a social learning perspective, involving the view that learning is a context bound, social process that might take place in communities of practice (CoP). A CoP is a group (e.g. a crew) wherein members share an activity and learn from each other. It is argued that CRM training programmes will benefit from including a social learning perspective. Factors that enable the assessment of teams are discussed, and it is argued that the training should be tailored to existing crews, emphasising a learning environment as close to reality as possible.     

基于Matlab平台的船舶避碰模型研究

根据本船的运动参数及连续两次观测所得到的目标船的相对方位和距离,运用避碰几何原理,在Matlab平台下建立了船舶避碰真运动模型,可以得到目标船运动参数及本船的避让措施和恢复航向的时机,并给出真运动轨迹图。文中还选择船舶会遇的典型实例对本模型进行了验证,结果表明,模型模拟的结果正确,对实际避碰行动有参考价值。     

Improving operational safety during icebreaker operations

The study presented in this paper aims at investigating what safety measures that can be taken to improve the operational safety during icebreaker operations in the Baltic Sea. During icebreaker operations, the icebreaker and the assisted vessel operate in close proximity to each other, a distance which can be even smaller if weather and ice conditions are severe. This poses a severe threat to the operation, since the extremely short distance between the vessels leaves no room for error. The results, which are based on data collected through individual interviews and questionnaires, indicate several possible improvements. Firstly, on a regulatory level, the introduction of an ice navigation certificate for deck officers would set a minimal level of formal competency. Secondly, on a knowledge level, more ice navigation training and better language skills work in favour for the safety. Thirdly, on a technical level, having an electronic chart with target tracking capability increases the efficiency and safety of the passage through ice. In addition to these results, this study shows a need to further research the communication and language situation during icebreaker operations.     

Evacuation in practice — Observations from five full scale exercises

Evacuating a ship is a difficult task which normally is performed under severe and demanding conditions, exposing both crew members and passengers on board to an extreme and demanding situation. To be prepared for an incident happening on board and shouldering this responsibility is part of the everyday reality of the crew members’ work situation. This study reports the results from observations made on board five passenger ships performing full scale exercises with participants acting as passengers. The results pointed out four problem areas; the safety organization, the ability to perform tasks, the handling of life vests and communication. These areas represented an uncertainty in the requirements associated with the crew members’ role in the safety organization implied. There was also evidence of difficulties in the crews’ performing of different tasks, problems with donning life vests and insufficient communication. The crew member groups on board differ in their skills and knowledge to handle an evacuation situation. These groups need to be studied separately and systematically in order to determine how they comprehend their work situation and what their needs of preparation and training are in order to feel content with meeting the demands of their role in the safety organization.     

水上突发险情与VTS应急处置

国际政治安全形势的变化莫测、我国对和谐社会的追求、航运经济以及海事自身的发展水平迫切要求建立水上突发险情应急处理机制,以深化海事监管体制改革,增强险情预防的针对性,提高水上突发险情的应急处置能力,尽可能地减少险情发生时所造成的人民生命和财产损失。     

船舶操纵模拟技术在坝区河段航线选择中的应用

利用船舶操纵模拟技术模拟分析湘江典型代表船型在长沙枢纽坝区河段的航行情况,结合该河段的通航水流情况、可能的航行冲突区情况等通航环境特点,研究不同航路上下行规则下船舶的会遇情况。结果表明:上下游锚地之间的航段,无论采用各自靠左还是各自靠右的航路规则均可;在下游桥区,采用各自靠右的航路规则更优;两种航路规则下,口门区的交叉点数量相同,对于交通流的影响是一致的,需要在调度过程中避免船舶在潜在冲突区的交叉。     

国内修船单船管理模式发展概述

国内的船舶修理企业蓬勃发展，生产能力有了巨大的提高。船厂需要找到一套能有效整合其生产资源，使得生产潜力变为利润产出的管理模式。船东对船厂的管理模式也有诸多相关的要求，能使其船舶在修理改装中的周期等综合效果最佳。世界一流修船厂的经验也在推动着国内船厂单船管理模式的变革，文章主要阐述国内修船企业单船管理模式的发展历程和方向。     

基于船舶交通模拟实验的水域通航风险评估

基于水域通航环境的分析和船舶流量的统计,采用VB 6.0编程方法设计并建立船舶交通模拟实验平台,对船舶会遇信息进行统计分析,从而实现通航风险的有效评估,其评价结果具有实时性和区域性分布的特点.     

船舶追越中避让行动的评价

两船之间在航行中产生追越是它们常见的会遇态势之一。在这种情况下发生的船舶碰撞在海事案例中占有一定的比例。当追越船从被追越船左舷追越的情况时，船舶避让行动有较大的不确定性。在探讨追越情况下船舶碰撞案例的原因、避让行动的结果和国际避碰规则的规定和几何避碰方法等的基础上，对这种态势的避让行动中所存在的问题加以分析，并提出一些解决的方法与建议。     

Collision-avoidance under COLREGS for unmanned surface vehicles via deep reinforcement learning

ABSTRACT

Collision avoidance for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) is significant for the fulfillment of autonomous navigation. Generally, classical collision-avoidance algorithms are proposed for relatively simple encounter situation, in this scenario only two USVs are stressed. Furthermore, to generate the rational manoeuvre operations, it is necessary that USVs should abide by International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea (COLREGS). However, COLREGS has not paid attention to rules for multi-USV collision-avoidance problem. Furthermore, those collision-avoidance rules in COLREGS have not been quantified for USVs. Following that, this paper utilizes deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm to resolve collision-avoidance for USVs even in complex encounter situations. Within our DRL algorithm, related COLREGS is quantified properly and integrated into the DRL model, and then encounter situation of USVs is formulated as environmental observation value, accordingly a set of decision making is reached by decision-making neural network, and the reward function is designed for updating network parameters iteratively. Consequently, collision avoidance for USVs can be achieved eventually. By employing our DRL algorithm, collision avoidance for USVs under generous complex scenarios are resolved with the aid of corresponding intelligent decision-making operations. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of our DRL algorithm.     

超大型船舶操纵要求的研究

超大型船舶的发展日趋迅猛,这对航海者来说不仅要求更高,操船技术难度也更大,我们有必要不断总结经验,掌握客观规律,提高操作技能,从而更好更安全地驾驶超大型船舶。     

一起典型雾中碰撞事故的启迪

这是一起典型的雾中碰撞事故，一船仅用两分钟的观察就判定来船是对遇船而采取右让；另一船认为来船是在本船的右舷则盲目向左改向。以后两船都未继续对局面进行认真仔细地观察和分析，按原定的避让措施不断地小角度改向，直到碰撞。本文意在找出碰撞的根本原因，在总结教训的同时提出预防措施。     

现代海军指挥控制系统发展趋势及启示

介绍了西方国家典型的军事指挥控制系统的发展现状,重点分析了美军和北约其他主要国家的先进海军指挥控制系统的体系结构、技术特点,并研究了海军指挥控制系统未来发展的趋势.基于上述,提出了我国海军指挥控制系统应在一体化的网络平台、全面的态势感知、智能化的辅助决策和友好的人机交互几方面重点发展,使我海军指挥控制系统适应现代化战场环境的需求.     

Maintaining the maritime skills base: does the Government have a realistic strategy?

The UK has a requirement for people with seafaring expertise to fill a wide range of jobs in the maritime-related sector of the economy ashore. The pool of seagoing ships' officers has now reached the level where shore-based demand for such officers cannot be satisfied by natural wastage from this pool alone. This paper considers the implications of this for the Government's recently announced strategy for maintaining the maritime skills base. The paper concludes that it is inevitable that the Government's present strategy will fail, and suggests what measures need to be taken if the skills base is to be saved.     

Policy making and planning for the port sector: paradigms in conflict

The UK has a requirement for people with seafaring expertise to fill a wide range of jobs in the maritime-related sector of the economy ashore. The pool of seagoing ships' officers has now reached the level where shore-based demand for such officers cannot be satisfied by natural wastage from this pool alone. This paper considers the implications of this for the Government's recently announced strategy for maintaining the maritime skills base. The paper concludes that it is inevitable that the Government's present strategy will fail, and suggests what measures need to be taken if the skills base is to be saved.     

A proposed quantitative methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of Human Element,Leadership and Management (HELM) training in the UK

In 2006, a review of maritime accidents found that non-technical skills (NTSs) are the single largest contributing factor towards such incidents. NTSs are composed of both interpersonal and cognitive elements. These include things such as situational awareness, teamwork, decision making, leadership, management and communication skills. In a crisis situation, good NTSs allow a deck officer to quickly recognise that a problem exists and then harness the resources that are at their disposal to safely and efficiently bring the situation back under control. This paper has two aims. The first is to develop a methodology which will enable educators to quantitatively assess the impact of Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)-approved Human Element, Leadership and Management (HELM) training on deck officer’s NTSs with a view to identifying further training requirements. The second is to determine whether the HELM training provided to develop the NTSs of trainee deck officers is fit for purpose. To achieve these aims, a three-phase approach was adopted. Initially, a taxonomy for deck officer’s NTSs is established, behavioural markers are identified and the relative importance of each attribute is calculated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Subsequently, a set of scenarios were identified for the assessment of deck officer’s NTSs in a ship bridge simulator environment. A random selection of students that have completed the Chief Mate (CM) programme was performed, and data regarding their NTS-related performance in the scenarios was collected. Finally, the collected data was fed into the evidential reasoning (ER) algorithm, utility values were produced and, having established these values, the effectiveness of the HELM training that the students have received was then evaluated.     

基于模式识别和序贯分析的综合态势感知模型研究

根据人类态势感知活动的实际特性,提出了一种基于模式识别和序贯分析相结合的综合态势感知模型,并对该模型的效能进行了简化分析,对态势感知系统的相关设计具有一定的指导意义。     

建立国际金融中心对我国经济的影响及对策

我国经济的迅速发展客观上要求建立自己的国际金融中心,以促进金融资源的合理融通和利用,为我国经济发展注入新的活力。尽快根据我国的实际情况和发展水平,统筹规划,建立我国自己的国际金融中心以更好地为经济发展创造有利条件是当务之急。     

Global maritime domain awareness: a sustainable development perspective

The International Maritime Organization defines maritime domain awareness as the effective understanding of any activity that could impact upon the security, safety, economy or environment. The traditional approach to manage it is based on state sovereignty over national territorial waters where authorities exercise their responsibilities within the defined specific area. Lately, new issues of transboundary dimension (i.e. piracy, overfishing, pollution) are changing the high seas from an open space governed by the rule of freedom into a common domain requiring new governance approach to manage its complex international problems. This paper investigates the use of sustainable development methodology to explore governance solutions within the socio-technical domain of maritime awareness. The outcome suggests that the use of sustainable development tools can and should be used to support the development and implementation of cooperative governance models which are more appropriate for creating global maritime domain awareness than the traditional state-centric and sector-based models. A modelling diagram for potential governance framework under International Maritime Organization’s leadership is included.     

The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management

The increased competition faced by ports is more focused than previously on the performance of logistics systems of which the individual terminals in ports are critical hubs. The changes in competitive conditions raise issues about appropriate public port policies and strategies of port managements. This paper argucs that the port industry should (and is) moving in the direction of more harmonized policies based on economic principles. Port policies based on cost recovery from users of port facilities and services need to be adopted as the international standard. The competitive environment favours considerable local autonomy. Port management, in addition to possible direct responsibility for terminal management, needs to focus on activities with economies of scale or scope. Such activities, which span the requirements of terminals and may even warrant inter-port cooperation, enhance the services available for many port users.