Real-time vision-based blind spot warning system: Experiments with motorcycles in daytime/nighttime conditions

This paper describes a real-time vision-based blind spot warning system that has been specially designed for motorcycles detection in both daytime and nighttime conditions. Motorcycles are fast moving and small vehicles that frequently remain unseen to other drivers, mainly in the blind-spot area. In fact, although in recent years the number of fatal accidents has decreased overall, motorcycle accidents have increased by 20%. The risks are primarily linked to the inner characteristics of this mode of travel: motorcycles are fast moving vehicles, light, unstable and fragile. These features make the motorcycle detection problem a difficult but challenging task to be solved from the computer vision point of view. In this paper we present a daytime and nighttime vision-based motorcycle and car detection system in the blind spot area using a single camera installed on the side mirror. On the one hand, daytime vehicle detection is carried out using optical flow features and Support Vector Machine-based (SVM) classification. On the other hand, nighttime vehicle detection is based on head lights detection. The proposed system warns the driver about the presence of vehicles in the blind area, including information about the position and the type of vehicle. Extensive experiments have been carried out in 172 minutes of sequences recorded in real traffic scenarios in both daytime and nighttime conditions, in the context of the Valencia MotoGP Grand Prix 2009.     

基于非线性模型预测控制的车辆纵向队列协调控制

本文中针对基于分层控制结构的车辆队列上、下层控制缺少联系的问题,提出了车辆队列跟驰与个体车辆动力学稳定性协调控制的思路,其基本思想是在保证队列中个体车辆安全稳定行驶的同时,尽可能实现队列跟驰控制的目标。基于非线性模型预测控制(nonlinear model predictive control,NMPC)方法设计了车辆队列协调控制方案,设计了包括跟驰间距误差、跟驰速度误差以及车速与车轮圆周速度差3个子目标的优化目标函数,将队列跟驰与车辆动力学稳定性的协调控制转化为约束优化控制问题;基于序列二次规划(sequential quadratic programming,SQP)方法进行求解,得到车辆前、后轴的制动/驱动力矩来实现上层决策输出的期望跟驰加速度。基于由3车辆组成的非线性队列模型对控制方案进行了仿真分析,结果表明,所提出的基于NMPC的车辆队列协调控制策略可以在大范围操纵工况下,在保证车辆安全稳定行驶的基础上实现队列的跟驰控制。     

Robust detection of preceding vehicles in crowded traffic conditions

This paper introduces an adaptive scheme for robustly detecting multiple preceding vehicles in crowded traffic conditions. The scheme focuses on issues frequently observed in the interpretation of traffic scenes recorded by cameras installed in vehicles: stable extraction of features and accurate classification in spite of the vehicle??s constant vibrations and dynamic changes in the distance between vehicles. To address these issues, we introduce the concept of integral features and a method of utilizing the scene geometry information. Each of the simple attributes, such as edges, shadows, and symmetry, is compiled in the window confined by the scene geometry to improve the expressiveness and robustness of the extracted features. The scene geometry information that is then estimated from the perspective view is extensively utilized in constituent system components, including not only feature extraction/integration but also neural network-based classification and distance-adaptive clustering. In addition, employing the Kalman filter along with a confidence measure makes the detection and tracking of potential vehicles robust. Experimental results prove that the system employing the proposed scheme detects and tracks multiple vehicles more effectively, even in crowded traffic conditions, with a lower rate of false positives.     

某车型尾灯与侧围外板间隙面差匹配问题的优化

尾灯与侧围外板间隙面差匹配状态,影响消费者对整车外观的直接感知,本文通过优化尾灯、D柱焊合件、焊接工装,解决尾灯与侧围外板间隙面差匹配问题,在此基础上提出对关键零件关键安装配合区域增加功能尺寸控制要求,供后续项目参考.     

Vision-based fusion of robust lane tracking and forward vehicle detection in a real driving environment

With the goal of developing an accurate and fast lane tracking system for the purpose of driver assistance, this paper proposes a vision-based fusion technique for lane tracking and forward vehicle detection to handle challenging conditions, i.e., lane occlusion by a forward vehicle, lane change, varying illumination, road traffic signs, and pitch motion, all of which often occur in real driving environments. First, our algorithm uses random sample consensus (RANSAC) and Kalman filtering to calculate the lane equation from the lane candidates found by template matching. Simple template matching and a combination of RANSAC and Kalman filtering makes calculating the lane equation as a hyperbola pair very quick and robust against varying illumination and discontinuities in the lane. Second, our algorithm uses a state transfer technique to maintain lane tracking continuously in spite of the lane changing situation. This reduces the computational time when dealing with the lane change because lane detection, which takes much more time than lane tracking, is not necessary with this algorithm. Third, false lane candidates from occlusions by frontal vehicles are eliminated using accurate regions of the forward vehicles from our improved forward vehicle detector. Fourth, our proposed method achieved robustness against road traffic signs and pitch motion using the adaptive region of interest and a constraint on the position of the vanishing point. Our algorithm was tested with image sequences from a real driving situation and demonstrated its robustness.     

基于机器视觉的道路上前方多车辆探测方法研究

提出一种基于车辆特征的方法识别和跟踪前方的车辆。首先,利用车辆底部存在阴影的特征,在图像中确定可能存在的车辆区域。然后,通过分形维数计算该区域的纹理特征,排除非车辆区域。最后,利用车辆的边缘信息,通过投影变换方法,对候选区域内的车辆进行定位。此外,利用NM I特征法对定位的车辆进行确认。该算法对不同环境和光照条件下的车辆图片进行了测试,以及在高速公路上进行了实时跟踪试验,具有较好的鲁棒性和可靠性。     

熊氏无灯交叉通行法

针对城市道路经常塞车的情况,提出一种公路交叉路口车流通行方案,该方案通过巧妙地设计道路与车流,创建车辆调头区,使得交叉路口不需红绿灯,各种流向的车辆在通过交叉路口时不需停车,各行其道,从而可以最大限度地发挥道路的通行能力,大大提高城市车辆通行速度,消除城市塞车。并且采用这种通行方案的成本极低,因此便于在大中城市推广实施。     

Robust hierarchical controller with conditional integrator based on small gain theorem for reference trajectory tracking of autonomous vehicles

ABSTRACT

A robust trajectory tracking controller is designed for autonomous vehicles based on a hierarchical architecture to make the autonomous vehicle track a given reference trajectory. The controller consists of two sub controllers: kinematic controller and dynamic controller. Based on the kinematics of tracking reference trajectory, a desired yaw rate is calculated by kinematic controller to make the lateral deviation global asymptotic stable. Then, steering wheel angle is calculated by a vehicle dynamic controller to make the vehicle yaw rate converge to the desired value and make the vehicle dynamic stable. Conditional integration method is used in the sub controllers. This method guarantees global asymptotic stability of tracking reference values and considers the uncertainty of parameters and constraints of desired yaw rate and actuators. Then based on small-gain theorem, the condition of the finite-gain L stability is given to the hierarchical controller to ensure the interconnected sub systems stable and prevent the amplification of system disturbance. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the controller are validated by real vehicle experiments.     

Unified decision-making and control for highway collision avoidance using active front steer and individual wheel torque control

ABSTRACT

Collision avoidance is a crucial function for all ground vehicles, and using integrated chassis systems to support the driver presents a growing opportunity in active safety. With actuators such as in-wheel electric motors, active front steer and individual wheel brake control, there is an opportunity to develop integrated chassis systems that fully support the driver in safety critical situations. Here we consider the scenario of an impending frontal collision with a stationary or slower moving vehicle in the same driving lane. Traditionally, researchers have approached the required collision avoidance manoeuver as a hierarchical scheme, which separates the decision-making, path planning and path tracking. In this context, a key decision is whether to perform straight-line braking, or steer to change lanes, or indeed perform combined braking and steering. This paper approaches the collision avoidance directly from the perspective of constrained dynamic optimisation, using a single optimisation procedure to cover these aspects within a single online optimisation scheme of model predictive control (MPC). While the new approach is demonstrated in the context of a fully autonomous safety system, it is expected that the same approach can incorporate driver inputs as additional constraints, yielding a flexible and coherent driver assistance system.     

驾驶模拟器在自动驾驶系统中的应用研究

自动驾驶车辆在实际道路上行驶之前的测试阶段是一个至关重要的环节。一个低成本、高效率以及高精度测量的自动驾驶车辆的测试方式,对于自动驾驶车辆的开发具有重要意义。将驾驶模拟器运用到研究自动驾驶车辆测试已是近年来的一个研究热点。基于虚拟驾驶场景的自动驾驶车辆的检测,通过组合虚拟驾驶场景的背景车辆、行人、交通灯、建筑、指示标牌等元素,研究将驾驶模拟器与虚拟驾驶场景的联合应用来测试自动驾驶车辆。设计了典型的交通场景,通过自动驾驶车辆和背景车辆的实时交互,研究自动驾驶车辆的各项性能指标。研究结果表明:该驾驶模拟器可以高度拟合人类驾驶体验,驾驶员通过驾驶模拟器控制背景车辆能够很好的模拟现实中的驾驶行为,对自动驾驶车辆的仿真测试起到了促进作用。     

交通拥堵的治本之道——城市不间断通行道路交通系统介绍

介绍了一种"城市不间断通行道路交通系统"。它是一个能够确保不会堵车的、高效快捷的智能化道路交通系统。这种交通系统没有红绿灯,车辆通行全过程不用停顿等候,排除了各种车辆通行的干扰因素,去除了各种交通瓶颈,避免了不同流向车流之间的交叉干扰,道路通行能力提高6倍以上,能自动保障公交、大中客车全天候畅行,能自动控制道路车流量。在这个系统中,还包括一个快捷高效的公交系统,确保乘坐公交上下班,主城区20 km路程包括换乘时间只需30 min。     

La surestimation de la distance intervéhiculaire dans le brouillard

The difficulties of driving in fog are usually perceived in terms of lower sight distances and reduced ability to anticipate. However, the fall in the quality of visual information can also lead to errors in judgement by affecting the way drivers perceive their environment and their movement within it. We have conducted a series of experiments in a fog chamber and on a driving simulator, with the main aim of investigating the influence of fog on vehicle headway perception. Our results have revealed that distances are seriously overestimated in fog, and that this is likely to contribute to lower headways under such conditions, In fog an overestimation of headway between 20 and 55% was observed when vehicles were visible only as a result of their rear lights, which is the case in night-time or thick daytime fog. Under these conditions, the characteristics of vehicle lights become extremely important. Overestimation of distance becomes greater when vehicles have only one rear light instead of two, and when their two reac lights are close together. Perception of vehicle distance is therefore improved by two rear lights, placed as far apart as possible to indicate the dimensions of the vehicle. No significant overestimation of headways was found during thin or moderate daytime fog, when the vehicle outline remained visible. The results have shown the importance of the familiar size of vehicles as an indicator of distance in the situations we have investigated. They confirm the hypothesis that basic mechanisms of space perception are modified in fog.     

比亚迪E5纯电动汽车低压电控系统故障诊断与排除

随着国家经济水平和科技水平不断的提升,纯电动汽车正在不断的成熟和发展,纯电动汽车维修故障诊断案例少之又少,本文主要介绍一辆比亚迪e5纯电动汽车按下启动按钮“无法上OK电(即高压电)”车辆无法行驶,并且仪表显示多个系统故障警告灯亮的故障诊断与排除;通过对故障现象进行分析、检测,找出故障原因并对其进行修复的过程。     

纯电动商用车绝缘故障分析

电动汽车通过高压电能进行整车驱动及附件控制,为保证整车安全性,高压系统均设置有绝缘检测及断电保护功能。文章针对纯电动车辆最受关注的绝缘故障进行原理及故障分析,在设计、装配、使用等环节进行详细原因及排查方案介绍,用于指导市场故障车辆的排查及后期设计方案的优化。     

无干扰城市道路交通设计

该文介绍了一种"无干扰城市道路交通设计"。它是一种没有红绿灯的、全过程无干扰的城市道路交通设计方案或方法,它包括无干扰干道网络设计和无干扰区域网络设计。该方案通过采用熊氏无灯交叉通行法的关键技术、单向通行技术、环形道路设计,创新网格区域车流和干道网车流的无干扰交互模式,规避了各种道路交通干扰因素,实现了道路交通全过程无干扰运行模式,避免了道路交通的梗塞效应,从而大幅提高城市道路交通通行能力,彻底避免目前的高峰时段恶性塞车情况,大幅提升汽车通行速度,减少汽车燃料消耗和尾气排放。该设计同时提供了两种方案,能够同时满足新城规划和老城改造的需要。同时,该方案的实施成本非常低廉,是解决当代城市交通难题的绝佳方法。     

基于Kinect深度虚拟线圈的夜间车流量检测

针对夜间环境下基于摄像机的车辆检测方法存在精度低、稳定性差以及无法对车型进行有效识别等问题,提出一种基于Kinect深度虚拟线圈的夜间车辆检测与计数算法.首先对Kinect深度图像进行预处理,分别获得运动目标深度图(MDM)与空洞深度图(HDM).然后在MDM与HDM上设置虚拟线圈,利用积分图像分别生成对应的一维运动信号,对其进行加权合成获得对车辆运动特征的表达,并在合成的运动信号范围内检测出车辆目标,并计算出车辆目标的几何特征,通过SVM对车型进行有效识别.实验结果表明,该算法对于单双车道的车辆计数正确率分别高达99.75%与99.25%,大小车型分类正确率可达99.80%,处理单张图片的平均时间仅为7 ms.      

A comparative study on fault detection methods of rail vehicle suspension systems based on acceleration measurements

Reliability of the railway vehicle suspension system is of critical importance to the safety of the vehicle. On-line health condition monitoring for the suspension system of rail vehicles offers a number of benefits such as preventing further deterioration of vehicle performance, enhancing vehicle safety, increasing operational reliability and availability, and reducing maintenance costs. It is desirable to timely detect the fault and monitor the performance degradation of vehicle suspension systems. In this paper, a comparative study on fault detection methods of urban rail vehicle suspension systems is considered. A novel sensor configuration is proposed where the underlying vehicle system is equipped with only acceleration sensors in the four corners of the carbody, the leading and trailing bogie, respectively. A mathematical model is developed for the considered vehicle suspension system. Both model-based and data-driven approaches are studied for the suspension fault detection problem. The robust observer, the Kalman filter combined with the generalised likelihood ratio test method, the dynamical principle components analysis and the canonical variate analysis approaches are applied to the fault detection problem. The simulation is carried out by means of the professional multi-body simulation tool, SIMPACK. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared. The simulation results show that the data-driven methods outperform the model-based methods.     

公交与右转混合型专用道仿真分析及效益评价

为解决设置公交专用道所带来的道路资源利用率低，相邻车道交通压力增大，专用道分时段开启致使社会车辆行驶混乱等问题，基于车种分离思想，提出一种公交车辆与右转车辆混合专用道的组织方式，允许公交车辆与右转社会车辆共用一条车道，以寻求保持公交优先与减少对社会车辆影响的平衡点。为论证该方案的可行性，首先，针对所研究的道路环境，提出了基于流量生成模型与配时优化模型的车道组仿真流程；随后，在考虑红灯时右转车辆行驶特性的前提下，建立了人均延误和车均延误的双指标评价矩阵模型；最后，分别在MATLAB和VISSIM仿真平台上，实现了对传统车道组、公交与右转混合型专用道车道组和公交专用道车道组3种方案的效益评价，并对其中的关键影响因素进行分析。仿真结果表明：所提出的公交与右转混合型专用道车道组的总体车均延误与人均延误在大多情况下处于较低水平，而公交专用道车道组和普通车道组也具有各自的优势区域；公交与右转混合型专用道的车道组织方式可以在保证社会车辆延误不明显增加的情况下，有效确保公交车辆的优先性，在一定条件下具有适用性，在工程实践中可作为公交专用道的过渡或替代方案。     

智能汽车横纵向运动控制方法综述

在我国随着人民生活水平的提高,车辆保有量也在呈倍速增长,进而引起了大量的交通安全问题,其中由驾驶员操作不当引起的交通事故约占所有交通事故的75%。而汽车的智能化发展可以很好地解决此类交通安全问题。智能汽车的核心技术主要包括环境感知、行为决策及运动控制三方面。其中运动控制作为智能汽车核心技术之一,有着重要的研究意义。智能汽车的运动控制包括横向控制和纵向控制两部分,对汽车横、纵向运动控制中的多种方法进行了分析介绍,包括模型预测控制、模糊逻辑控制、神经网络的自适应滑膜控制、直接式控制和分层式控制;同时介绍了横纵向耦合实现运动控制的重要性,并分析了其研究现状;最后,对智能汽车运动控制的后续发展方向进行了展望,有助于智能汽车运动控制的进一步优化发展。     

Vehicle detection system design based on stereo vision sensors

Vehicle detection is a crucial issue for driver assistance system as well as for autonomous vehicle guidance function and it has to be performed with high reliability to avoid any potential collision. The vision-based vehicle detection systems are regarded promising for this purpose because they require little infrastructure on a highway. However, the feasibility of these systems in passenger car requires accurate and robust sensing performance. In this paper, a vehicle detection system using stereo vision sensors is developed. This system utilizes feature extraction, epipoplar constraint and feature matching in order to robustly detect the initial corresponding pairs. The proposed system can detect a leading vehicle in front and can estimate its position parameters such as the distance and heading angle. After the initial detection, the system executes the tracking algorithm for the vehicles in the lane. The proposed vehicle detection system is implemented on a passenger car and its performances are verified experimentally.