港口建设项目经济评价风险分析

介绍了船舶在航更换压载术的各种方法,包括排空法、溢流法和稀释法,将各种方法从对船舶和船员的安生所造成的影响方面进行了比较,并对如何更好地实施压载水的管理,提出一些建议。     

Ballast water treatment ashore — Better for the environment and for seafarers

After a brief overview of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention), 2004, the status of ratification and its applicability to ships the main methods for ballast water treatment required by the BWM Convention are introduced. Port-based reception and treatment facilities would offer many benefits compared to treatment of ballast water on board — shore-based facilities would be more efficient and provide both economical and environmental advantages. The choice to impose the ballast water treatment obligations on the ships and their crews may have been the solution of least resistance, but it may also be the solution, which represents the least efficiency and the greatest overall cost as well as a potential for negative consequences for the crew responsible for ballast water management.     

谈压载水公约实施应对措施

文中介绍了《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》实施后，压载水处理的几种常用办法，并就不同国家的压载水处理方法和要求进行了说明，最后提出了压载水公约实施建议和对策。     

压载水处理技术现状

简要介绍了国际海事组织(IMO)颁布的《国际船舶压载水及沉积物控制和管理公约》,以及目前主要的压载水处理技术,举例介绍了Alfa Laval的Pure Ballast系统的处理原理。介绍了当前的几十种商用系统(包括国际海事组织已认可和未认可),并汇总成表,方便读者了解当前压载水处理商用系统概况。此外,根据目前掌握到的数据,把包括各个商业系统的容量、设备安装面积和价格也做了汇总,方便读者对比这些商用压载水处理系统的优劣。     

压载水管理系统批准和技术研发现状

文中综述了目前世界范围内压载水管理系统的研发现状，以及IMO对使用活性物质的压载水管理系统的批准状况。根据目前的情况，国际上已有大量船用设备制造商投入到压载水管理系统的研发和生产上，且其中一些已经获得IMO批准和船旗国主管机关的认可，这将大大加快压载水公约生效的进程。根据MEPC58上压载水审议组的审议结果，压载水管理系统已经基本达到船队履约的需要。国内各方面应对压载水公约的生效做好充分的准备。     

Ballast Water Risk Indication for the North Sea

The ballast water from ships carries marine organisms that have invasive potential. The International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention (2004) requires ballast water exchange or ballast water management (BWM) systems either onboard or ashore. Ships can be exempted on the basis of risk assessment, when exclusively sailing between specific ports or in an enclosed area. In reply to our questionnaire, the shipping sector argues that the North Sea is ecologically homogeneous and exemptions could therefore be granted. This paper proposes that the North Sea area is, in fact, not homogeneous in terms of hydrographical and biological conditions; therefore, ballast water is a relevant transport mechanism for organisms. Within the North Sea, the short shipping routes indicate a high risk for survival. We examined actual simulation models for ballast water risk assessment in the North Sea, and we have identified the major parameters that need to be included in such models. These models provided a basis; they further need to be combined and adapted for the purpose of evaluating the rationale for an exemption. We concluded that exemptions from BWM are not recommended for the North Sea area. Anticipating the Ballast Water Management Convention, ship owners might do well to study possibilities for installing BWM systems onboard.     

船舶压载水处理系统的研发进展

船舶压载水问题已被列为海洋环境面临的四大危害之一,回顾2004年国际海事组织(IMO)制定的压载水管理公约及相关规则通过9年多来,世界范围的共同研究和探索,在简要介绍当前国际船舶压载水处理系统研发最新进展的基础上,重点介绍了我国海洋卫士?压载水处理系统。随着压载水公约生效日期的临近,提出了履约进程中的一些建议。     

惰性气体系统应用于控制船舶压载水传播外来生物

航行于洲际间的远洋船舶,其压载水系统成为有害水生物入侵的主要途径之一。溶解在水中的氧是水域生命活动不可缺少的物质,但不同水生物对溶解氧的需求不同。实践证明:当溶解氧小于1 mg/L时,在1 h内,水生物将窒息而亡。论述以燃气作为惰性气体,置换远洋船舶压载系统中的空气,使水中的溶解氧小于1 mg/L,让入侵水生物窒息的方法,以保护本地水域生态平衡。结合我国油轮上配置的惰性气体系统(Inert Gases System,简称IGS),提出了方案设想和计算要点,与同行共同探讨。     

Ballast Water Treatment systems: “Old” and “New” ones

This paper offers an overview of the currently available Ballast Water Treatment systems, their efficacy in reducing the number of organisms in relation with the IMO and other, future standards, and explores potentially new and promising technologies and current gaps.     

压载水管理系统/方法批准程序综述

文中全面介绍并比较分析了压载水公约和相关导则、文件对压载水管理系统/方法批准程序的要求,对制造商提高压载水管理系统的研发效率、加快申请批准的进程以及提高批准成功率有重要意义;同时,为主管机关完善和理顺相关法律文件、顺利开展型式认可等履约工作提供参考。     

Ballast water management in the Baltic Sea

The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), comprising of nine Baltic Sea countries and the European Union, is working to protect the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution, including biological pollution from alien species. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, singed by Contracting States’ environmentministers and EU, includes a Road Map for harmonized implementation and ratification of the International Convention for Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, with an overall aim of all Baltic Sea countries ratifying the Convention latest in 2013.     

协调版共同结构规范下的压载水交换工况对船体结构安全影响探讨

压载水管理是船舶环保要求的重要内容。不同的压载水管理方式对船体结构安全的影响不同，主要体现在压载舱的附加压头、最小砰击吃水等。基于协调版共同结构规范对压载水交换工况的新要求，论述在CSR-H规范框架体系下，压载水交换工况下的静水弯矩和设计载荷组对船体结构构件的影响，并提出基于结果评估的相关建议。     

Technology development for environmentally sound ships of the 21st century: an international perspective

Around the world, ships operating in the 21st century tury will be expected tomeet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Many governments have comprehensive shipboard pollution abatement programs under way that will enable ships of the 21st century to be environmentally sound. The goal is for ships to operate worldwide with minimal potential for regulatory constraints, without inappropriate dependence on shore facilities, and without unreasonable costs imposed by environmental regulations. The following is the basic strategy: Design and operate ships to minimize emissions and waste generation while optimizing waste management, and develop shipboard systems that will destroy or appropriately treat the wastes generated on board. If wastes are unavoidable and cannot be destroyed or retained on board for recycling ashore, they must be sufficiently treated so that overboard discharges are considered environmentally insignificant. Although the ultimate solution for onboard destruction has not been achieved for any shipboard waste stream, considerable progress has been made toward developing onboard capabilities for treating or rrocessing solid wastes, oily wastes, hazardous materials, and medical wastes. Satisfactory interim or long-term solutions are being sought for blackwater and graywater treatment. International cooperative efforts directed toward achieving environmentally sound ships are under way among governments to share information and technologies, and to save time and money. Presented at the International Conference on Technologies for Marine Environment Preservation (MARIENV '95), Tokyo, Japan, September 24–29, 1995.     

构建船舶与海洋工程数字化性能平台促进科技自主创新

作为对船舶设计基础共性技术研发的一种思考,提出构建“船舶与海洋工程数字化性能平台”的设想。这一性能平台是以信息化、数字化为核心,以虚拟技术、网络协同、远程交互技术为手段,开放式和加盟式一体化的综合集成系统。在这种数字化性能平台上,运用计算流体动力学方法,可以全面地对船舶的安全性能、综合航行性能和海洋工程结构物的流体动力特性进行预报、评估和优化,成为新型舰船、新型海洋平台和海洋结构物研究开发的重要工具和手段,促进船型开发和设计的自主创新。     

解决船舶生物污损问题的国际统一方式

生物污损造成的环境生态破坏问题足近年来海洋环境保护工作者研究的热点问题,船舶的生物污损带来的外来物种入侵问题也引起了国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)的高度关注.各成员国将在IMO的组织下为解决船舶生物污损问题制定国际统一的控制措施.通过对船舶牛物污损危害性的介绍,结合国外一些国家对生物污损问题的管理经验,并与压载水公约的立法过程进行对比,分析了IMO可能采取的立法措施,对我国航运业应采取的应对措施提出r意见和建议.     

长江口深水航道南北两侧可航水域开发、使用的可行性探讨

长江口深水航道是目前船舶进出上海港和进出长江沿岸各港口的咽喉要道。随着船舶大型化的发展趋势以及重栽船舶的日益增加，使得进出深水航道的船舶密度趋于饱和。为防止深水航道航行条件的恶化，保障航行安全，“开发、使用深水航道南北两侧可航水域”成为一个值得探讨的方案。     

应用TRIZ理论解决雷达桅结构振动问题研究

雷达桅是各类海上航行船舶必备的舾装件之一。船舶防泥沙压载舱使上层建筑增高,致使桅杆的高度增加以满足盲区要求,进而使雷达桅自身结构变得细高,增加了振动风险。本文基于发明问题解决理论的思想和方法,对雷达桅结构振动问题展开分析,利用系统功能分析、技术矛盾分析等工具提出雷达桅结构优化方案,并通过数值仿真进行验证。     

舰船电力系统的限流保护技术

舰船电力系统关系着舰船的生命力，而随着舰船电力系统容量的增加和可靠性要求的提高，使用限流保护技术已成为舰船电力系统保护的必然趋势。也就是说，限流保护技术对舰船可靠性工程有着极其重要的影响。概述限流保护技术的重要性和现状，并重点分析几种短路限流装置的特点和运用情况。此外，介绍国内外的最新限流装置技术以及在实际应用过程中遇到的关键问题。可以预见短路限流装置的研制必然取得长足的发展，并最终广泛应用于舰船电力系统保护。     

舰船岸电接地问题分析

舰船停靠码头一般需要接用岸电系统。本文根据对舰队码头现有的岸电系统实地调研的结果,对岸电与船电在不同的接地形式下所构成的TT系统和TN-C系统进行了分析比较,认为TN-C系统优于TT系统,同时,针对现有船舶岸电系统配置现状,提出了电缆配置改造方案和舰船岸电箱优化方案,并对码头岸电建设和舰船岸电系统设计提出了建议。     

Introduction to an innovative crew composition approach based on safety/operational and financial requirements

This paper proposes a tool to estimate crew composition based on safety/operational and financial requirements. As there is a tendency of ship owners to implement improved technologies on board their vessels, there is no systematic way to predict their potential effect on crew size and composition (typically determined by flag state authorities on a case-to-case basis) nor on the type and complexity of on board duties new technologies might dictate. The main aim of this paper is to develop a tool to assist in determining crew composition, by taking into account both administration’s and the ship owner’s point of view. Based on data collected from ship owners, a data mining technique is implemented in order to form a generalized framework that estimates crew composition as a function of ship type, size, and degree of automation. The agreement of model predictions with records from specific (vessel) cases is very good in terms of safety (for operations such as watchkeeping, mooring/unmooring, loading/unloading). The specific intended use of this tool is to help a ship owner decide whether it is cost-beneficial to retrofit a conventional vessel with advanced technologies that would potentially entail a reduced crew (probably dealing with different and more complex on board duties). Its main benefits are that it can be used to estimate crew composition before any vessel construction or upgrade has actually taken place and that it allows crew composition to be easily adapted to the technological evolution of ship systems even at their current rapid pace.