Dynamic Simulation and Performance Investigation of No-frost Refrigerator: Part Ⅰ Mathematical Model

A dynamic approach for the modeling, simulation and analysis of no-frost Refrigerator (RF) is dis-cussed. In Part Ⅰ, the complex interactions among the components in the cooling system are analyzed in detail, based on which the modeling simplifications are proposed. Then, the mathematical models for the evaporator, cabinet and duct-fan are presented. The whole system is divided into two subsystems-refrigerant cycling system and air cycling system. In order to simplify the model, two closed-loop systems are broken into the compressor component and the evaporator component, respectively. A general distributed parameter model is employed for evaporator with homogeneous flow to simplify the two-phase evaporating flow region. The z-transfer function model is used to describe the cabinet load. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is employed to obtain the pressure drop and flow rate curve of the duct-fan model.     

INFLUENCE OF REFRIGERANT DISTRIBUTION ON HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATORS

Invaporcompressionrefrigerationsystem ,adryexpansionevaporatorwithlargecoolingcapacityisusu allydividedintoseveralparallelcoilstoenhancetheheattransferanddecreasethepressuredrop .Itishelpfulthattherefrigerantvapourandliquidaremixedhomoge neouslyinadistributorinstalledattheinletoftheevap oratorandthendistributedintoevaporatorcoilsequally .Inpractice ,however ,theinadequatedesignandmanu factureofdistributorsalwayscauseinsufficientmixingandunequaldistributionoftherefrigerant.Inthiscasethethermost…     

车辆换道行为建模的回顾与展望

微观交通仿真工具在智能交通领域中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而换道模型则是微观交通仿真工具中最重要的组成部分.本文将换道模型按其应用分为自动巡航控制模型与计算机仿真模型.系统回顾了计算机仿真模型中的换道决策模型与换道执行模型.换道决策模型主要包括:规则模型、离散选择模型、人工智能模型、马尔可夫模型、生理—心理模型及生存模型;换道执行模型主要包括:运动波混合模型和元胞自动机模型.针对各个模型分别阐述了其研究对象、模型结构、参数标定及其模型的应用.最后,展望了换道行为建模未来的研究方向,为建立适合中国的换道模型提供参考.     

Geometry Modeling of an Electronic Expansion Valve Head

This paper proposed that the flow characteristic of electronic expansion valve should be adapted to the evaporator superheat gain to refrigerant flow rate under different working conditions. Two native methods of geometry modeling of electronic expansion valve head were introduced. By analysis of them, some shortcoming was detected and a universal modeling method of electronic expansion valve head was put forward. Through this model, the flow characteristic of EEV and the influence factors can be investigated more deeply.     

综合运输网络上多货类流量最短路分配

针对综合运输网络资源合理配置的需求,分析了综合运输网络上影响路径选择行为的用户偏好体系,并将其概括成客观类、主观类和调控类。在给出选择偏好在路径选择模型中的表达方法基础上,阐述了采用改进的最短路加载方法进行多货类运输流量分配的思路和执行流程,并面向可持续发展政策导向的运输网络规划,引入"诱导参数"对处于合理路径集中的联合运输路径进行优先选择。最后通过算例分析了不同"诱导参数"对双货类网络流量分布的影响,从政策调控的角度为综合运输网络宏观布局的评价模型提供理论参考。     

毛细相变流体回路中蒸发器的预热启动特性研究

通过分析毛细管内液柱的动量方程,从力平衡的角度获得毛细相变流体回路系统的启动判别条件,并建立蒸发器的三维导热模型来研究系统的启动特性.研究表明:蒸发器的启动预热时间随启动热流的增大而减小;减小液体补偿腔的高度可以加快蒸发器的启动过程,且启动热流愈小该现象愈显著;在较低的启动热流条件下,减小蒸气槽道的宽度,可以减小启动预热时间,改善蒸发器启动性能,而在较高的热流密度下,其对蒸发器的启动性能影响不大.     

柴油机受热零部件耦合系统瞬态温度场数值仿真

文中建立了柴油机活塞组、缸套三维耦合系统循环瞬态传热仿真模型，充分考虑了活塞组和缸套间非常细薄的油膜厚度并对其进行了网格划分，使得所建立的传热模型和以往的研究相比前进了一大步，更接近真实情况．并结合4135柴油机进行模拟计算，得出了实机受热零部件耦合系统三维循环瞬态温度场．同时得出了以前很少人涉及的活塞销座处的温度场，特别是研究了活塞、缸套在周向上的温度分布．     

考虑多特征的高速公路交通流预测模型

为准确预测高速公路交通流，缓解高速公路交通拥堵现象，本文提出一种考虑多特征的高速公路交通流预测模型。首先将高速公路当前道路与上下游的交通流、天气等数据转化为一个二维矩阵，并利用滑动窗口模型获得输入样本的最佳长度；然后将样本数据输入集成深度学习模型训练并提取交通流数据的特征，随后输出预测结果；最后，将某高速公路交通流数据用于工作日和节假日两组实验。结果表明：集成深度学习模型比单一模型预测高速公路交通流的效果要好，工作日的高速公路交通流预测精度远高于节假日，本文模型将平均绝对误差由 6.40辆·(20 min)-1 降到5.450辆·(20 min)-1，说明考虑多种因素可以提升高速公路交通流预测精度。     

邮运汽车套班的计算机编排算法研究

从实际应用情况出发,介绍了省一级邮政汽车运输系统中邮车套班的概念,建立了套班编排的数学模型并给出了计算方法、计算机软件编程流程图和典型实例的计算。这种方法对于其他运输方式中的循环班次的编排同样具有一定的参考意义。     

第三方物流信息系统运输子系统的设计

为了降低第三方物流信息系统运输子系统设计的复杂性,在系统结构设计中,将运输子系统分为业务系统、监控、查询与统计、财务接口与运费调整的审核5个部分;在业务流程设计中,用Petri网对大部分业务逻辑加以描述,以优化运输子系统;在数据库设计中,从单据中识别实体,根据界面绘制数据流图,从E—R图中识别实体之间的关系,将其转化为关系模型,成为数据库中表的基本结构,提出以“族”的概念组织实体集和数据库表,将根据物理数据模型建立的125张表分成了14个族。此结构设计方法简化了第三方物流信息系统运输子系统的结构,提高了工程质量。     

Experimental study on the liquid slug of cryogenic slug flow in inclined tubes

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in inclined tubes with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tubes are 0.018 and 0.014 m inner diameter(ID) and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experimental observation on the liquid slug was carried out along the tubes.Statistical method was employed to analyze the experimental data.The experiment analyzed the influences of the inclination angle and the tube diameter on the liquid slug length and velocity.The results show the liquid slug propagation velocity increases with the decrease of inclination angle θ.For all cases,the maximum values of the mean liquid slug lengths were obtained at θ = 60°.The mean liquid slug lengths were greater for large tube at higher tube position.These conclusions provide a basis for further study liquid slug of cryogenic two-phase undeveloped slug flow.     

Dynamic Simulation and Performance Investigation of No-Frost Refrigerator： Part Ⅱ System Simulation and Performance Analysis

The methodology for modeling no-frost refrigerator is described based on the component models developed in Part I, and then, system simulation is applied to a BCD-235W refrigerator-freezer (RF). Experiments are carried out to study “pull-down” and steady-state performance of the RF, and to determine how the experiment and simulation temperature stack up against each other. Good match is found between simulated and measured results for the “pull-down” period. For the steady-state period, the simulation results are also found to agree well with experiment ones except for the temperature profiles of the refrigerator compartment (RC) and freezer compartment (FC). The average temperature and the energy consumption errors between measurement and simulation are less than 10%. Although the model can not reflect the non-uniform air temperature fields in the RC and FC, the variation range and periodicities of the temperature correlate well between the simulation and experiment. We conclude that such a model is valid for investigating the performance of no-frost refrigerator.      

驾驶人分心状态判别支持向量机模型优化算法

驾驶人分心状态判别是分心驾驶预警系统的重要基础.建立以径向基为核函数的 驾驶人分心状态判别SVM模型,采用遗传算法(GA)优化SVM模型惩罚参数C和核函数参数 g,并利用模拟驾驶器实验平台采集的驾驶绩效数据对模型进行验证.结果表明,采用GASVM 模型能够准确识别自由流和拥挤流场景下驾驶人分心状态,判别精度分别为94.5%和 96.3%.与决策树C4.5 和交叉验证(CV)-SVM对比表明,GA-SVM在准确率、精准率、召回率和 F1值等模型性能方面均优于其他2 种方法.本文建立的模型能够有效地判别驾驶人分心状态, 可为驾驶人分心预警系统和分心控制策略提供依据.     

基于速度-密度模型的路网连通可靠度分析

传统的连通可靠度评价方法往往将路段分为连通和不连通两种状态,对于实际路网的评价存在计算量过犬的问题,缺乏可操作性。首先结合安德伍德指数模型和格林伯格对数模型,构建能够反映各种交通流状态的速度一密度模型。在此基础上,以行车速度和交通量为基本参数构造路段综合连通指数,提出路段和路网连通可靠度的计算方法。以行车速度为分类依据,提出连通可靠度评价标准。最后,对辽宁省锦州市某区域早高峰时段路网连通可靠度进行分析,结果表明：基于速度一密度模型的路网连通可靠度计算方法能够比较真实地反映道路交通实际状况,且计算过程得到较大简化。     

城市四交叉路口交通引导仿真系统

基于城市道路交通的拥挤和阻塞主要表现在若干个交叉路口的事实，提出了以四交叉路口为对象的交通引导仿真系统模型框架，并讨论了实际选取交叉路口应考虑的三个方面的因素。如果把每个交叉路口的车流看作排队事件，不同交叉路口的车流事件会发生冲突。轮询各个交叉路口的车流排队事件，用事件驱动状态转移与专家系统技术相结合的方法来疏解事件冲突，做出调整交通引导的决策。同时给出了仿真系统模型的目标、功能以及交叉口、车道、信号相位、信号周期等系统状态的描述。     

����ͳ�Ʒ����Ļ�Ͻ�ͨ��϶ģ��

车辆间隙定义为到达路段某特定点相邻车辆的间隔.本文研究了非双车道异质混合交通情形下的车辆间隙模型,此类交通流在诸如印度等一些发展中国家普遍存在.其特征是具有大量“零间隙”的情况,这主要由给定车道宽度下车辆同时到达的情形所致.其另一特征是较大车头时距带来的尾区数据量偏大.然而,一些学者运用轻尾分布对车辆间隙进行建模并得到了满意的结果.原因主要是：(1)尾区数据融入单个面元;(2)分布拟合时卡方检验等方法具有一定的局限性.此外,一些学者还建议对同一范围的交通流数据采用其他一些分布进行拟合,产生了分布选择的分歧.同时,可表征任何分布拟合状况的面元在间隙模型中的作用逐渐减小.因此,本文就以上问题对现有间隙模型的研究进行进一步和标准化的分析.本文还分析了两种具有较好尾模型特性的广义Pareto分布(GP)、广义极值分布(GEV)、其他几种传统分布对550 vph至4 100 vph流量范围内车辆间隙建模,且使用基于区域和基于距离检验的方法进行分布拟合检验.结果表明,无论使用哪种检验方法,广义Pareto分布对于大于1 500 vph流量的间隙数据在整体和尾区均能得到较好的拟合效果.广义极值分布在使用基于区域的检验方法时对于大于1 500 vph流量的间隙数据产生较好的拟合效果.     

Time Gap Modeling under Mixed Traffic Condition: A Statistical Analysis

This paper attempts to model vehicular time gap, which is defined as the time interval between any two successive arrivals of vehicles at a reference point of measurement on a road segment. Such an approach is justified under the non-lane-based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in developing countries such as India, characterized by many “zero” time gaps due to simultaneous arrivals within a given road width. In addition, time gap data are characterized by a significant amount of data in the tail region due to long headways. Nevertheless, many researchers of time gap modeling have used light-tailed distributions that modeled time gaps satisfactorily due to two reasons: (a) The tail data was merged into a single bin; and (b) goodness-of-fit tests such as the Chi-square test, which has many limitations, were used. Further, some researchers have suggested different distributions for the same range of traffic flows, leading to ambiguity in distribution selection. In addition, bin size, which dictates the degree of fit of any distribution, has been ascribed very less importance in time gap modeling. Hence, this paper tries to consolidate and standardize the existing research in time gap modeling research by addressing all these issues. Two new distributions, namely Generalized Pareto (GP) and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) with better tail modeling properties, have been proposed along with other conventional distribution to model vehicular time gaps over a wide range of flow from 550 vph to 4,100 vph. Two types of goodness-of-fit tests, namely Area-based and Distance-based tests, have been used. It has been found from the study that GP distribution fits the time gap data well (overall and tails) up to a flow range of 1,500 vph based on both kinds of tests, and GEV fits the data well for the flow levels above 1,500 vph based on the area test only.     

Pulsation characteristics of ventilated supercavitation on a 2D hydrofoil

AbstractBased on a suite of computational fluid dynamics code,the pulsation characteristics are studied for turbulent supercavitating flows over a 2D base-vented symmetric hydrofoil using a pressure-based Navier-Stokes solver coupled with a phase mass fraction transport cavitation model and local linear low-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence model.It is found that there exists a critical air supply flow under certain inflow condition.When the gas supply flow exceeds the critical value,the cavity begins to pulsate.Pulsating cavity has a visually wavy surface,and air leakage shows as a mass of air-water mixture detaching from the rear part of the cavity periodically.     

面向对象的虚拟FMS建模及加工仿真

为解决柔性制造系统中资源重组引起的布局问题,采用面向对象的建模方法建立了柔性制造系统的虚拟仿真系统.该虚拟仿真系统通过对制造系统中各设备进行几何和行为建模,建立虚拟设备模型;采用生产计划流建立车间布局方案和调度模型.通过仿真,不仅能验证加工代码的正确性,还能根据加工工艺仿真结果分析布局的合理性和可行性,并对布局进行优化.最后,对2种布局进行了仿真,结果表明所建立的仿真系统是可行和有效的.