缸内喷雾燃烧CFD仿真模型校验

摘要：采用AVLFIRE软件,对某重型柴油发动机进行缸内喷雾燃烧过程仿真。利用内窥镜系统,获得缸内喷雾燃烧图像。通过CFD仿真结果与喷雾过程、燃烧火焰、碳烟浓度分布进行定性对比分析,校验了缸内喷雾燃烧CFD仿真模型的准确性。     

TBD234柴油机有害物生成过程仿真研究

针对舰用TBD234柴油机燃烧室结构及共轨喷射条件下的工作特点,确立标定工况下的燃烧、NOx生成和炭烟生成模型,并合理修正了模型参数。利用CFD软件对其燃烧过程进行仿真计算,得到全过程的有害物组分浓度分布结果。结果显示NOx生成主要受燃烧温度和混合气浓度的影响,炭烟主要产生于浓混合气且贫氧的区域。从NOx和炭烟结果的对比发现二者分布区域形成互补关系,反映出控制NOx和控制炭烟的矛盾。仿真结果与实际情况较好吻合,从而验证了仿真参数选取的有效性。     

Atkinson循环发动机紧凑型燃烧系统研究

基于Atkinson理论循环建立混合动力汽油机的性能仿真模型,确定出合适的压缩比与配气正时。分别采用增加活塞顶面凸起高度(上凸型燃烧室)和减小缸盖上燃烧室高度的方式来满足Atkinson循环汽油机对压缩比的要求。同时为适应紧凑结构减小气门升程、直径(紧凑型燃烧室)。通过三维CFD计算分析,比较了两种燃烧室缸内燃烧及流动特性,发现紧凑型燃烧室能够在火核形成及扩散时期在缸内产生更高的湍动能,有利于加快火焰传播,使燃烧持续期缩短9.8%~24.4%,可显著提高燃油经济性。在混合动力用Atkinson循环发动机开发中使用紧凑型燃烧室,具有重要的应用价值。     

Evaporating spray and flame distributions in the combustion chamber of a direct injection diesel engine

The characteristics of an evaporating diesel spray and the flame distribution in a combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine were investigated by using the laser light technique. The technique used was based on the extinctions of two wavelengths of ultraviolet and visible laser light. The transmitted laser light absorbed and scattered by the vapor, drops, soot and combustion products in the spray flame were separated into two wavelengths and captured. Further, the light radiated from the flame was imaged using the same measuring system by modifying the optical filters and the timing of the camera shutter.     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.     

Evaluation of low-temperature diesel combustion regimes with n-Heptane fuel in a constant-volume chamber

The concept of Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) has been advancing rapidly because it may reduce emissions of NOx and soot simultaneously. Various LTC regimes that yield specific emissions have been investigated by a great number of experiments. To accelerate the evaluation of the spray combustion characteristics of LTC, to identify the soot formation threshold in LTC, and to implement the LTC concept in real diesel engines, LTC is modeled and simulated. However, since the physics of LTC is rather complex, it has been a challenge to precisely compute LTC regimes by applying the available diesel combustion models and considering all spatial and temporal characteristics as well as local properties of LTC. In this paper, LTC regimes in a constant-volume chamber with n-Heptane fuel were simulated using the ECFM3Z model implemented in a commercial STAR-CD code. The simulations were performed for different ambient gas O₂ concentrations, ambient gas temperatures and injection pressures. The simulation results showed very good agreement with available experimental data, including similar trends in autoignition and flame evolution. In the selected range of ambient temperatures and O₂ concentrations, soot and NOx emissions were simultaneously reduced.     

Combustion characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil – diesel blend under EGR and supercharged conditions

This paper investigates the effects of Hydrotreated vegetable oil-diesel blend to combustion characteristics under various ambient oxygen concentrations and ambient pressure. Combustion characteristics were investigated using heat release rate analysis, two color method, soot concentration measurement and NOx concentration measurement. The experiments were carried out on a rapid compression expansion machine to simulate the ambient condition of a CI engine at TDC. Synthetic gas with oxygen concentrations of 21 %, 15 % and 10 % were used to simulate EGR conditions. A single hole injector was used with five different fuels: commercial diesel, HVO-commercial diesel blends and HVO. The results showed that increasing HVO blending percentages decreased ignition delay, flame temperature, soot concentration and NOx concentration. Heat release at oxygen concentration of 10 % dramatically dropped due to a shortened ignition delay, which resulted in less combustion. A decreased oxygen concentration from applied EGR conditions not only increased ignition delay, heat release, flame temperature and NO_x concentration, but also increased soot concentration. A combination of EGR and supercharged conditions by increasing ambient pressure and decreasing oxygen concentrations resulted in increased heat release, decreased flame temperature, ignition delay and soot concentration, compared to EGR conditions.     

Investigation of soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends under quiescent conditions

In this study, a visual investigation of sprays and flames is performed, and soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends is studied in a specially designed quiescent constant-volume chamber under various ambient gas temperatures and O₂ concentrations. Similar to the case of soot formation during diesel fuel combustion, the sooting zone during the mixing-controlled combustion of Diesel-GTL blends is located in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay and soot concentration decrease with an increase of GTL content in the fuel blend. Soot also decreases with lower O₂ concentration, higher injection pressure, and lower ambient gas temperature. The lack of soot formation at lower O₂ concentrations and lower temperatures suggests that Diesel-GTL fuel blends can be successfully utilized in low-temperature diesel combustion technologies that are currently being developed. Furthermore, this mixing controlled combustion method with Diesel-GTL blends can be used to modulate various engine operation parameters, and therefore to simultaneously reduce the formation of soot and NOx within a wide range of diesel engine loads.     

燃烧室形状对双燃料发动机性能影响的模拟分析

利用STAR‐CD软件模拟研究了3种燃烧室形状对柴油‐天然气双燃料发动机性能的影响,3种燃烧室分别为ω形燃烧室、八边哑铃形燃烧室和圆柱形燃烧室。研究发现,八边哑铃形燃烧室因为减小了喉口直径,增加了挤流强度,使得气缸内的湍动能增强,火焰传播速度加快,燃料利用率提高,同时,在燃烧室的底部设计凸台,能引导燃烧室内的气流运动,并引导柴油向燃烧室的底部扩散,促进着火点的广泛分布。因此,八边哑铃形燃烧室的缸内平均压力、平均温度和指示热效率最高,天然气剩余比例最小。     

喷油器参数对柴油机燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

应用三维CFD模拟软件FIRE,对1台135柴油机的喷雾与燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。通过缸内流场分析和浓度分析,研究了喷孔数、喷孔锥角对燃烧过程的影响及对NOx和炭烟生成的影响。结果表明,喷孔数和喷孔锥角影响燃油的喷雾质量和油气混合质量,进而影响燃烧过程和排放物的生成;CFD模拟计算对优化喷油器参数,从而改进燃烧系统具有指导意义。     

双卷流燃烧室燃烧特性仿真及试验研究

对双卷流燃烧室和浅盆形燃烧室进行了不同负荷工况下的三维仿真分析,并进行了对比试验。研究结果表明,双卷流燃烧室在整个负荷范围内在燃烧速率及效率上都比浅盆形燃烧室有明显的优势。证明双卷流燃烧室比浅盆形燃烧室更适用于大功率柴油机的高效快速燃烧,其燃烧室的内室在提高空气利用率及加快扩散混合速率方面具有非常显著的作用。     

柴油-丁醇混合燃料喷雾火焰的两色法测试研究

基于两色法原理,可利用彩色高速相机测量喷雾火焰的温度和炭烟浓度（KL）二维分布的时间演变,为先进柴油机燃烧系统设计提供必要信息。通过使用单台彩色相机的两个独立感光通道,两色法测量装置得到大幅度简化。两色法的测试结果受多种因素影响,例如双波长的选择,带通滤片的透过性,光路的设置等,然而相关研究并不充分。本文在对两色法的测试不确定度及误差进行了分析和讨论之后,并对柴油丁醇混合燃料在不同环境氧体积分数下的火焰温度和炭烟浓度（KL）的时空分布进行了研究。     

Cycle-simulation turbulence modelling of IC engines

Numerical simulations of IC engines are of high interest for automotive engineers worldwide. The simulation models should be as fast as possible, low-computational effort and predictive tool. The correct prediction of turbulence level inside the combustion chamber of spark ignition engines is the most important factor influencing to the engine working cycle. This paper presents a development of the k-ε turbulence model applied to the commercial cycle-simulation software with the high emphasis on the intake part. The validation was performed on two engine geometries with the variation of engine speed and load comparing the cycle-simulation results of the turbulent kinetic energy and in-cylinder temperature with 3-D CFD results. In order to apply the cycle-simulation turbulence model for the simulation of entire engine map, the parameterization model of turbulence constants was proposed. The parameterized turbulence model was optimized using NLPQL optimization algorithm where the single set of turbulence model parameters for each engine was found. A good agreement of the turbulent kinetic energy during the expansion was achieved when the turbulence affects the flame front propagation and combustion rate as well.     

柴油废气重整柴油机工作过程数值模拟

柴油机的主要排放污染物是碳烟和NOx,柴油重整废气再循环（REGR）可降低NOx和碳烟排放。文章利用三维CFD软件FLUENT,模拟计算并对比分析了ZS195柴油机在原机和柴油废气重整2种情况下的气缸内部燃烧压力、温度、O2浓度、NOx浓度和碳烟浓度。结果表明：柴油废气重整后的气缸内部平均压力和平均温度升高,但是最高温度降低;气缸内部O2浓度降低;NOx排放和碳烟排放同时降低。     

Study of diesel spray combustion and ignition using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle with a rapid compression machine: improvement of combustion using low cetane number fuel

This study aimed to reduce NO_x and soot by creating a more homogeneous lean fuel distribution in a diesel spray using high-pressure fuel injection and a micro-hole nozzle. This injection system shortened the ignition delay, but a homogeneous lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray was not achieved. Using a lower cetane number fuel, the resulting longer ignition delay made a uniform, lean fuel distribution in the diesel spray possible with this injection system. Ignition and combustion were analyzed by the combustion chamber pressure history, and flame temperatures and KL values were analyzed by the two-color method.     

喷孔布置对缸内油气混合与燃烧过程的影响

基于YD4A75—C3电控共轨柴油机,结合Bosch公司提出的第四代共轴向可变喷嘴共轨喷射系统的概念,应用商用CFD软件Fire研究喷孔交错布置及两层布置对缸内燃油分布及燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明:适当地采用双层、交错排列的喷孔,可以扩大燃油的空间分布范围,改善燃油与空气的混合质量,使缸内燃烧更加充分;NO排放量增多,但炭烟的排放量显著减少。     

柴油机高压及微孔径下燃油雾化特性的数值研究(Ⅱ)——湍流模型对燃烧的影响

为了有效模拟燃油燃烧过程,向计算流体力学平台KIVA-3V中加入了大涡模拟程序,同时耦合了化学反应动力学软件Chemkin,建立了喷雾燃烧过程的大涡模拟燃烧平台。研究了在高压和微孔径条件下两种湍流模型对燃油雾化燃烧过程的影响,同时对1台Caterpillar 3401重型柴油发动机缸内燃油喷雾燃烧过程进行了数值研究。结果显示,大涡模拟得到的燃油的燃烧过程与试验结果较为接近,燃烧温度分布及缸内压力变化趋势都要好于雷诺平均模型。     

基于局部线性模型树的高压共轨柴油机排放模型

为研究面向闭环控制的柴油机在线排放模型,以1台高压共轨、涡轮增压中冷柴油机的转速、扭矩、空燃比、燃烧始点、燃烧重心、燃烧终点、最高燃烧温度、最大缸内压力等运转和燃烧的各项参数为基础,运用局部线性模型树对排放物HC,CO,CO2,NOx和烟度进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明,以转速、扭矩、空燃比为输入时,CO,CO2,NOx的仿真结果与试验值具有较好的一致性,以转速、扭矩、空燃比、燃烧重心为输入时,HC、烟度的仿真结果与试验值具有较好的一致性。各排放的期望响应与仿真输出的平均误差在10%以内,线性回归相关系数达到0.96以上。各个排放物的仿真过程单独进行时,可以得到较好的仿真效果。因此,局部线性模型树模型适用于高压共轨柴油机排放物的仿真。     

柴油机低排放燃烧系统研究

针对某款匹配株式会社电装第3代180 MPa电控高压共轨喷射系统和采用EGR方案的全新开发的国Ⅳ平台中型柴油机,研究了其3种不同燃烧室形状与喷油器匹配的燃烧规律,结果表明大径深比带翻边结构的2#燃烧室与8×810×150型号喷油器更加适合低排放燃烧系统开发要求。采用STAR-CD计算模拟软件,对油束落点与燃烧室的运动情况进行模拟分析。结果表明,模拟计算结果与试验结果基本一致,从而验证了试验的准确性和模拟计算的可靠性。