超深水半潜式平台典型节点强度分析

半潜式钻井平台在水中漂浮作业,会受到多种载荷的影响,包括风、海流、波浪等载荷。对于在水中长期漂浮的结构物来说,最重要的是波浪载荷的作用。因此在强度分析时可以忽略风和海流的载荷作用,只考虑波浪载荷。基于三维势流理论和莫里森方程计算波浪载荷传递函数,并进行长期预报,确定一系列的设计波参数,对关键节点应力集中情况及应力分布情况进行深入分析,为半潜式平台的研究提供参考。     

半潜式钻井服务支持平台随机风载荷特性研究

风载荷是海洋平台设计载荷之一,直接关系到平台稳性,确定平台在不同工况下的风荷载对于平台安全设计具有重要的工程意义.该文基于Fluent软件结合自编UDF程序,考虑Davenport、NPD以及API三种典型风谱的影响,利用简谐波叠加法将风谱由频域转换为时域内的随机脉动风速,引入雷诺平均法求解NS方程结合分离涡(DES)湍流模型对半潜式钻井服务支持平台在自存海况下的风力和风倾力矩开展了数值研究,并将数值模拟得到的最大风力及风倾力矩与ABS、DNV以及CCS的计算结果进行了对比验证.计算结果表明:平台受到的风力和风倾力矩与风谱自身特性、平台倾斜角及风向角等因素密不可分;同一工况下采用Davenport与NPD风谱计算时平台受到的平均风力(矩)较为接近;NPD风谱作用时平台受到的随机最大风力(矩)最大;采用API与NPD风谱计算时,各工况下最小风力(矩)随风向角的变化趋势、计算结果均基本一致.     

海洋平台风载荷的数值分析

风载荷是海洋平台主要的设计载荷,常规的规范算法在结果上偏于保守。本文基于N-S方程(Navier-Stokes)方程对某自升式钻井平台进行了风载荷的数值分析,控制方程—RANS(Reyolds Averaged Navier-Stokes)和连续性方程使用有限体积法离散。在此基础上,对数值分析中湍流模型选择及网格划分方法进行了讨论,分别采用CFX及FLUNET软件对海洋平台整体及单个构件的风载荷和形状系数进行了研究。     

海洋结构物疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的一种工程预报方法

海洋结构物疲劳寿命的准确预报对海洋结构安全具有重要意义。基于裂纹扩展的寿命预报相比于常规的基于累积损伤理论的寿命预报方法,能够考虑载荷次序、初始缺陷等重要因素的影响,各大船级社极力推进裂纹扩展理论在海洋工程中的应用。文章从裂纹扩展法则、应力强度因子求解、疲劳载荷谱模拟上对裂纹扩展理论的工程应用进行研究,试图找出准确、合理且相对简单的方法。结合裂纹扩展的单一曲线模型、基于有限元子模型技术的应力强度因子求法以及基于谱分析的疲劳载荷谱产生方法,对某半潜式钻井平台典型焊接节点进行基于裂纹扩展疲劳寿命预报,并讨论了初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明,该半潜平台焊接结构符合设计寿命的要求,初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳寿命影响很大,可为海洋结构物基于裂纹扩展的疲劳寿命预报提供参考。     

深水半潜式钻井平台波浪载荷预报与结构强度评估

采用理论分析和模型试验相结合的方法,对一深水半潜式钻井平台进行了波浪载荷预报和结构强度评估,进而为平台结构设计提供了参考依据.同时,对半潜式平台波浪载荷预报和结构强度评估的分析方法和流程进行了归纳与总结.     

HYSY-981半潜式平台风载荷数值模拟与风洞实验

针对我国深海油气开发拟采用的HYSY-981半潜式平台设计制作了1∶100比例模型,利用风洞实验进行稳态梯度风作用下的抗风特性实验和测定,计算百年重现期的平台整体的风载荷.基于N-S方程,选择剪切应力运输湍流模型、二阶迎风格式离散方法和三维稳态隐式解法对HYSY-981半潜式平台进行构件平均风压分布、形状系数和平台整体的风载荷数值模拟计算.风洞实验结果与数值模拟计算结果基本吻合,验证了数值模拟方法的适用性与实用性.     

半潜式平台横撑波浪抨击载荷下结构强度分析

运用风洞和水池试验结果修正后的数值模型,同时考虑半潜式平台承受的风载荷、流载荷和波浪载荷等共同作用,以及采用锚泊系统的全尺度模拟,以某典型半潜式平台为例,利用Ansys-AQWA软件对半潜式平台横撑在波浪砰击载荷下的响应进行非线性数值分析。针对抨击工况中的10个子工况结果,以90%的Gumble分布值作为最终的平台横撑波浪砰击载荷。并运用此分析结果,结合横撑在总体结构强度的应力分布,分析了半潜式平台横撑在考虑波浪砰击下的结构强度。通过数值模拟研究表明:波浪砰击对横撑的影响很大,在横撑的结构强度分析中应充分考虑。     

半潜式平台耦合动力响应分析

由于海洋这一特殊的环境,半潜式平台在海上会受到风、浪、流的联合作用,使得半潜式平台产生六自由度方向的运动,影响平台的作业,因此,进行平台运动响应预报及系泊线强度校核就显得尤为重要。本文选择在1 000 m水深的情况下,分别在时域和频域条件下对半潜式平台运动响应进行数值模拟,预报在频域和时域条件下半潜式平台运动响应,并对比分析在时域条件下不同风、浪、流组合工况下平台升沉运动幅值,计算设计的平台系泊线拉力,并进行强度校核。     

半潜式平台耦合动力响应分析

由于海洋这一特殊的环境,半潜式平台在海上会受到风、浪、流的联合作用,使得半潜式平台产生六自由度方向的运动,影响平台的作业,因此,进行平台运动响应预报及系泊线强度校核就显得尤为重要。本文选择在1000 m水深的情况下,分别在时域和频域条件下对半潜式平台运动响应进行数值模拟,预报在频域和时域条件下半潜式平台运动响应,并对比分析在时域条件下不同风、浪、流组合工况下平台升沉运动幅值,计算设计的平台系泊线拉力,并进行强度校核。     

自升式钻井平台风载荷研究

以海洋钻井平台风载荷计算为研究对象,将船级社规范、CFD计算流体力学计算、风洞试验和一种土木工程方法分别应用于一自升式海洋钻井平台的风载荷计算,并详细比较了各方法间存在的差异,比较论证了土木工程方法作为自升式钻井平台风载荷计算的参考价值。     

自升式平台风载荷的空气动力学干扰研究

风载荷是白升式平台的主要控制载荷,现行规范在计算风载荷时主要采用面积投影法,不考虑空气动力学干扰的影响,结果偏于保守。以自主研发的122m（400ft）自升式平台为例,通过风洞实验得到其各风向角下的干扰因子伊。在此基础上,采用求解RANS方程的方法,结合k—ε湍流模型对风载荷的空气动力学干扰现象进行数值模拟,所得伊值与实验结果吻合良好,揭示了这种干扰现象对自升式平台风载荷的影响。     

Stochastic dynamic load effect and fatigue damage analysis of drivetrains in land-based and TLP,spar and semi-submersible floating wind turbines

This paper deals with the feasibility of using a 5 MW drivetrain which is designed for a land-based turbine, on floating wind turbines. Four types of floating support structures are investigated: spar, TLP and two semi-submersibles. The fatigue damage of mechanical components inside the gearbox and main bearings is compared for different environmental conditions, ranging from cut-in to cut-out wind speeds. For floating wind turbines, representative wave conditions are also considered. All wind turbines are ensured to follow similar power curves, but differences in the control system (integral to different concepts) are allowed. A de-coupled analysis approach is employed for the drivetrain response analysis. First, an aero-hydro-servo-elastic code is employed for the global analysis. Next, motions, moments and forces from the global analysis are applied on the gearbox multi body model and the loads on gears and bearings are obtained. The results suggest that the main bearings sustain more damage in floating wind turbines than on land-based. The highest main bearing damage is observed for the spar floating wind turbine. The large wave induced axial load on the main shaft is found to be the primary reason of this high damage in the spar wind turbine. Apart from the main bearings - which are located on the main shaft outside the gearbox - other bearings and gears inside the gearbox hold damages in floating wind turbines equal or even less than in the land-based turbine. It is emphasized that the results presented in this study are based on a drivetrain with two main bearings, which considerably reduces the non-torque loads on the gearbox.     

Methodology for global structural load effect analysis of the semi-submersible hull of floating wind turbines under still water,wind, and wave loads

In designing the support structures of floating wind turbines (FWTs), a key challenge is to determine the load effects (at the cross-sectional load and stress level). This is because FWTs are subjected to complex global, local, static, and dynamic loads in stochastic environmental conditions. Up to now, most of the studies of FWTs have focused on the dynamic motion characteristics of FWTs, while minimal research has touched upon the internal load effects of the support structure. However, a good understanding of the structural load effects is essential since it is the basis for achieving a good design. Motivated by the situation, this study deals with the global load effect analysis for FWT support structures. A semi-submersible hull of a 10-MW FWT is used in the case study. A novel analysis method is employed to obtain the time-domain internal load effects of the floater, which account for the static and dynamic global loads under the still water, wind, and wave loads and associated motions. The investigation of the internal stresses resulting from various global loads under operational and parked conditions and the dynamic behavior of the structural load effects in various environmental conditions are made. The dominating load components for structural responses of the semi-submersible floater and the significant dynamic characteristics under different wind and wave conditions are identified. The dynamic load effects of the floating support structure are investigated by considering the influence of the second-order wave loads, viscous drag loads induced global motions, and wind and wave misalignments. The main results are discussed, and the main findings are summarized. The insights gained provide a basis for improving the design and analysis of FWT support structures.     

海上风力发电机组支撑结构动力响应特性研究

支撑结构设计是大型海上风电机组设计的重要部分。文章分析了海上风电机组的各种环境载荷,并以3MW风力机组为例计算其所受环境载荷,包括作用在支撑结构顶端的由风机叶轮转动引起的水平轴向力、作用在塔筒上的风载荷以及作用在基础上的海流、海浪载荷,并采用非线性弹簧来模拟基础与海底土层之间的相互作用。在考虑风轮影响情况下,利用有限元法对支撑结构进行了模态分析。最后,分析了环境载荷作用下支撑结构的动态响应。计算结果表明,在对海上风力发电机组进行动态响应计算时,环境载荷之间的相互耦合作用不能忽略。     

Investigation of turbulent flows in a waterjet intake duct using stereoscopic PIV measurements

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements were made in a wind tunnel using a prototype waterjet model. The main wind tunnel provided the vehicle velocity and a secondary wind tunnel was set up as the waterjet propulsion model. Pressure distributions along the ramp and lip sides inside the duct were measured for three jet velocity to vehicle velocity ratios. Three-dimensional velocity fields were obtained at the intake entrance and the nozzle exit of the waterjet system. The flow into the duct was faster in the lip region than on the ramp side. Because of the variation in intake geometry from a rectangular to a circular section and because of the sudden curvature change on the lip side, a pair of counter-rotating vortices was observed in the mean velocity field at the nozzle exit. In addition, the turbulent kinetic energy correlated with the vortex pair was stronger on the lip side than in other areas. Dominant large-scale structures were extracted by using a snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition analysis. It was found that most of the turbulent kinetic energy was attributed to at least three vortices near the nozzle exit. This detailed three-dimensional velocity field will be useful for the verification of CFD simulations applied to the waterjet system.     

An approach to estimation of near-surface turbulence and CO2 transfer velocity from remote sensing data

The air–sea CO₂ exchange is primarily determined by the boundary-layer processes in the near-surface layer of the ocean since it is a water-side limited gas. As a consequence, the interfacial component of the CO₂ transfer velocity can be linked to parameters of turbulence in the near-surface layer of the ocean. The development of remote sensing techniques provides a possibility to quantify the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy in the near-surface layer of the ocean and the air–sea CO₂ transfer velocity on a global scale. In this work, the dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy in the near-surface layer of the ocean and its patchiness has been linked to the air–sea CO₂ transfer velocity with a boundary-layer type model. Field observations of upper ocean turbulence, laboratory studies, and the direct CO₂ flux measurements are used to validate the model. The model is then forced with the TOPEX POSEIDON wind speed and significant wave height to demonstrate its applicability for estimating the distribution of the near-surface turbulence dissipation rate and gas transfer velocity for an extended (decadal) time period. A future version of this remote sensing algorithm will incorporate directional wind/wave data being available from QUIKSCAT, a now-cast wave model, and satellite heat fluxes. The inclusion of microwave imagery from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) will provide additional information on the fractional whitecap coverage and sea surface turbulence patchiness.     

Effect of microbubbles on the structure of turbulence in a turbulent boundary layer

The time-averaged velocity and turbulence intensity distributions were measured by a laser Doppler velocimeter in a turbulent boundary layer filled with microbubbles. The void fraction distribution was also measured using a fiber-optic probe. The velocity decreased in the region below 100 wall units with an increase in bubble density. This led to a decrease in the velocity gradient at the wall, which was consistent with a decrease in shearing stress on the wall. The turbulence intensity in the buffer layer increased at a low microbubble density, and then began to decrease with an increasing microbubble density. Based on the present measurements, the mechanism of turbulence reduction by microbubbles is discussed and a model is proposed. Received for publication on Dec. 3, 1999; accepted on April 18, 2000     

Quantifying copepod kinematics in a laboratory turbulence apparatus

We describe application of a new apparatus that permits simultaneous detailed observations of plankton behavior and turbulent velocities. We are able to acquire 3D trajectories amenable to statistical analyses for comparisons of copepod responses to well-quantified turbulence intensities that match those found in the coastal ocean environment. The turbulence characteristics consist of nearly isotropic and homogeneous velocity fluctuation statistics in the observation region. In the apparatus, three species of copepods, Acartia hudsonica, Temora longicornis, and Calanus finmarchicus were exposed separately to stagnant water plus four sequentially increasing levels of turbulence intensity. Copepod kinematics were quantified via several measures, including transport speed, motility number, net-to-gross displacement ratio, number of escape events, and number of animals phototactically aggregating per minute. The results suggest that these copepods could control their position and movements at low turbulence intensity. At higher turbulence intensity, the copepods movement was dominated by the water motion, although species-specific modifications due to size and swimming mode of the copepod influenced the results. Several trends support a dome-shaped variation of copepod kinematics with increasing turbulence. These species-specific trends and threshold quantities provide a data set for future comparative analyses of copepod responses to turbulence of varying duration as well as intensity.     

船舶受非均匀风力的计算方法

在船舶航海性能及航泊机动的定量分析中,通常以均匀风取代实际的非均匀风,从而影响了定量分析的精度及分析的可靠性。现提出一种新的计算作用在船舶非均匀风力的方法。仿真表明,该方法是可行的。