船舶碰撞后运动趋势的模拟计算

本文首先应用明诺斯基(Minorsky)一维碰撞理论,扩展为多自由度模型,描述船舶在碰撞瞬间的能量和运动的转化。以确定两船碰撞后运动的初始条件。船舶碰撞结束之后,开始进入惯性运动阶段,再以日本MMG小组提出的船舶操纵性数学模型为基础,根据基本物理定理,建立两船在互为约束条件下的运动数学模型,计算碰撞后两船的运动过程。最后,在可能出现的各种碰撞格局下进行模拟试验,确定比较符合实际的碰撞前的初始运动状态,为事故分析提供依据。研究表明,用此种模拟计算方法,能较好地计算出船舶碰撞后的运动过程,是一种分析碰撞事故的有效方法。     

内河船舶碰撞过程的分析与调查

为了减少船舶碰撞事故的发生、提高碰撞事故调查工作效率,分析了当事两船最近会遇距离变化判断内河船舶碰撞过程的不同阶段特点,阐述了法规中两船处在会遇局面下的避让行动要求和不同阶段时的责任关系;最后从碰撞发生后提出对过程的调查方法,确定了在事故经过分析中以局面形成和因果关系为原则的观点.     

船舶避碰别任性

2015年伊始,两起船舶碰撞事故给航运业蒙上了厚厚的安全阴影。先是2015年1月2日,利比亚注册的油船"Alyarmouk"轮与新加坡注册的散货船"Sinar Kapuas"轮相撞,导致"Alyarmouk"轮一个油舱损坏,大量原油泄漏。再是该事故两周后,"Gas Melawi"号LNG船与"Menggala"号渡轮在巽他海峡相继发生碰撞。细心观察两起事故不难发现,尽管现场"惨烈依旧",但其却与以往的碰撞略显不同,开阔水域内发生碰撞成为了其共同点。那么,这两起碰撞事故对船舶避碰工作有哪些启示呢?     

“桑吉”轮与“长峰水晶”轮碰撞事故原因与责任分析

2018年1月6日"桑吉"轮与"长峰水晶"轮在开阔水域、良好水文气象条件下发生的碰撞事故引起国际社会广泛关注。本文在由中国、伊朗、巴拿马三国和中国香港地区共同签署的事故安全调查报告的基础上,根据《1972年国际海上避碰规则》及《STCW规则》等法规,分析两船的会遇局面、事故发生原因及双方责任,并总结教训,供航运界同仁参考。     

船舶间协议避碰应注意的问题

<正>众多碰撞事故表明,发生碰撞的直接原因是两船或其中一船的行动不协调。保证两船避碰行动协调最直接的方法就是两船直接联络、交流,明确双方共同遵守的规则以及彼此要采取的行动。船舶间通过VHF和AIS等助航仪器进行     

基于《避碰规则》的商船渔区安全航行

正0引言近年来,我国沿海商船与渔船的碰撞事故频发,造成极其严重的人命和财产损失。有关部门在事故调查中发现,双方或多或少都存在违背《1972年国际海上避碰规则》(以下简称《避碰规则》)的情况。在事故责任认定时,某一方可能因遵守《避碰规则》的严重过失而负有事故的主要责任而承担刑事责任。如2012年4月2日,新加坡籍集装箱船"××"轮与"浙普渔××"船碰撞后逃逸,该集装箱船的二     

海上多船行驶自动避碰系统设计

随着航运事业的发展,船舶数量不断增加。船舶的行驶环境复杂多变,易造成船舶航行偏移现象,在多船舶同时行驶的海域易出现船舶碰撞等问题,严重威胁着船舶航行的安全。为提高船舶航行安全,减少船舶碰撞事故的发生,对海上多船行驶自动避碰系统进行了创新和优化。利用PID控制方法对船舶行驶领域多目标航迹检测系统进行创新,以期达到更精准、快速的船舶避碰检测控制系统设计目标。通过该系统对船舶航迹航行状态进行检测控制,从而避免船舶在行驶过程中受外界环境影响出现的航迹偏离及信息延时导致的船舶碰撞等问题。为了保障船舶自动避碰系统的有效性,对船舶避碰检测和控制情况进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明:该系统可及时有效地对船舶会遇的可能性做出精准分析和有效判断,并及时控制船舶航迹及速度,以便科学合理的执行船舶避碰方案决策,从而有效避免船舶碰撞事故,保障船舶航行安全。     

油轮艏部结构碰撞特性研究

在船舶碰撞中,船艏是主要作用方.船艏结构的碰撞特性是影响船-船碰撞过程中被撞船舷侧结构损伤程度的决定因素.为减少碰撞事故损失,应从碰撞的观点对船艏结构的特性进行研究,提出一种研究船艏的碰撞特性的方法及表征船艏碰撞特性的特征量,据以改进船艏设计.根据船艏结构本身的碰撞破损过程,对船艏结构碰撞力与破损深度的关系、艏部构件在碰撞过程中的损伤形态和能量耗散进行了研究,指出碰撞力曲线是船艏结构的一种固有特性.提出了碰撞力面积密度曲线的概念,它可以用于定量表达船艏结构对其它结构的破坏能力.利用有限元数值模拟方法计算了一艘4万吨船艏的碰撞损坏实例,显示了上述碰撞特征并讨论了提高碰撞数值模拟计算精度的方法.     

推理协助调查故意隐瞒事实的海事

本文通过对一起故意隐瞒事实的船舶碰撞事故,运用碰撞位置航迹推算图,分析了双方事故报告与客观规律不相符之处,根据事故发生规律,作出合理的推理,指导进一步的事故调查,使调查工作进展顺利,使事故真相大白.     

推理协助调查故障隐瞒事实的海事

本文通过对一起故障隐瞒事实的船舶碰撞事故，运用碰撞位置航迹推算图，分析了双方事故报告与客观规律不相符之处，根据事故发生规律，作出合理的推理，指导进一步的事故调查，使调查工作进展顺利，使事故真相大白。     

The influence of fluid structure interaction modelling on the dynamic response of ships subject to collision and grounding

Analysis of the dynamic response of ships in accident scenarios requires a realistic idealisation of environmental and operational conditions by multi-physics models. This paper presents a procedure that simulates the influence of strongly coupled FSI effects on the dynamic response of ships involved in typical collision and grounding events. Our method couples an explicit 6-DoF structural dynamic finite element scheme with a hydrodynamic method accounting for (a) 6-DoF potential flow hydrodynamic actions; (b) the influence of evasive ship speed in the way of contact and (c) the effects of hydrodynamic resistance based on a RANS CFD model. Multi-physics simulations for typical accident scenarios involving passenger ships confirm that suitable FSI modelling may be critical for either collision or grounding events primarily because of the influence of hydrodynamic restoring forces.     

基于有限元法的渔船碰撞仿真

以一起3万吨商船碰撞渔船为例,在充分考虑几何非线性、材料非线性和接触非线性的基础上,对商船满载和压载两种工况下与渔船的碰撞进行了仿真研究,分析了不同速度工况下渔船的损毁情况、应力情况和总能量吸收规律等。结果表明:碰撞主要破坏渔船的局部结构,且发生时间很短;商船速度越快,渔船损毁越严重;渔船破损处的形状与商船的形状非常相似,结合商船航行记录及仿真结果有助于判断商船是否为肇事船舶。     

Analysis of ship–ship collision damage accounting for bow and side deformation interaction

This paper presents a procedure to analyse ship collisions using a simplified analytical method by taking into account the interaction between the deformation on the striking and the struck ships. Numerical simulations using the finite element software LS-DYNA are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several ship collision scenarios. The numerical results are used to validate the method. The contributions to the total resistance from all structural components of the collided ships are analysed in the numerical simulation and the simplified method. Three types of collisions were identified based on the relative resistance of one ship to the other. They are denoted Collision Types 1 and 2, in which a relatively rigid ship collides with a deformable ship, and Collision Type 3, in which two deformable ships are involved. For Collision Types 1 and 2, estimates of the energy absorbed by the damaged ships differ by less than 8% compared to the numerical results. For Collision Type 3, the results differ by approximately 13%. The simplified method is applicable for right angle ship collision scenario, and it can be used as an alternative tool because it quickly generates acceptable results.     

舰船自动智能避碰数学模型及其仿真研究

为了提高舰船航行的安全和效率,达到最佳操船效果,需要建立舰船自动智能避碰数字模型.当前模型在分析舰船避碰风险度的基础上,通过人工智能、进化计算和软计算等方法实现舰船自动智能避碰,存在避碰识别准确率较低的问题.本文提出一种新的舰船自动智能避碰数学模型,首先对舰船会遇态势进行判断;然后建立预测舰船碰撞风险判断模型,预测本舰船实施自动智能避碰方案后的复航时机是否已到,以及本舰船立即复航是否能够让清目标舰船或其他所有目标舰船;最后依据舰船碰撞风险判断结果,以当前舰船潜在碰撞风险为例,建立舰船自动智能避碰数学模型.仿真结果证明,所提模型能够实现舰船自动智能避碰.     

考虑船位预测不确定性的船舶碰撞危险度计算方法

[目的]船舶碰撞是威胁智能船舶航行安全的主要因素。船舶碰撞危险度计算模型应及时发现船舶航行中潜在的碰撞风险,为智能船舶的自主避让决策提供依据。[方法]首先,根据船舶领域侵入程度与侵入时间等参数,分析基于领域的碰撞危险参数计算模型,将航行场景划分为单船会遇局面和本船与船舶群组的会遇局面,给出一种新的多船会遇情况下的碰撞危险参数计算模型;其次,基于维纳过程对船位预测不确定性进行建模,根据卡方分布获取船位预测不确定性椭圆;最后,给出考虑船位预测不确定性的碰撞危险参数计算方法。[结果]该计算模型能够考虑船位预测不确定性对船舶碰撞危险的影响。[结论]可以进一步保障智能船舶的海上航行安全。     

Duration analysis for recurrent ship accidents

About 63% of the world’s shipping accidents are recurrent—they occur to ships that have already experienced at least one prior accident. Therefore, reducing recurrent accidents can contribute significantly to maritime safety. We study the factors affecting both first and recurrent accidents, by focusing on the duration between two accidents. Cox proportional hazard models are applied to ship accident data from 1996 to 2015, and the results identify which ships have a high risk of recurrent accidents, based on ship attributes, ship supply and market conditions, shipbuilding country, previous accident type, and ship type. The recurrent rate is high when the ship involved in the accident is old, small, flies a flag of convenience, and has no detention record. In addition, the accident risk increases when the shipping market faces a high bunker price, overcapacity in supply, a high time charter rate, or low newbuilding price. On the other hand, ships built in China and Japan have lower recurrent accident rates than those built elsewhere, although ships built in China have earlier first accidents than do others. General cargo ships have the highest recurrent accident rate, followed by dry bulkers, container ships, and tankers, in that order.     

补给作业船舷侧碰撞损伤环境研究

基于横向补给作业中各个阶段可能出现的舷侧碰撞模式所确定的两船碰撞发生时的夹角和补给作业船受撞位置,进行横向补给作业船舷侧碰撞损伤仿真研究。分析了补给作业船的吸能特性和碰撞过程中两船的运动状态,获得了碰撞力、能量吸收和损伤变形的时序结果。该文的研究可对于开展补给作业船舷侧碰撞结构损伤评估、舷侧抗撞结构的优化设计提供指导。     

Artificial forces for virtual autonomous ships with encountering situations in restricted waters

ABSTRACT

Even if the same two ships operate in the same encountering situation, the actual strategies and timing of operations may be different. Therefore, the fixed collision avoidance trajectory and ship movements are no longer suitable for simulating the real ship behaviour. This paper tries to develop an artificial intelligent system that fully sensitive to the local circumstances and command a ship in virtual environment. Based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data, this study has developed artificial forces which help decision makings on-board independently under different situations and catching the stochastic nature of ship behaviours during collision avoidances manoeuvring. Actual ship tracks are helpful for ascertaining the parameters that contribute to artificial forces in collision avoidances, while the correlation coefficient analysis is helpful to distinguish the parameters. This study will help to develop a navigation traffic simulation to reflect the realistic ship behaviour and provide reliable information for port and waterway planning, risk analysis, and mitigation measures. The method can be used in developing algorithms for autonomous ships. The method introduced in this study lays a foundation for developing artificial forces at intersections or bends, although the model is only applicable in straight channels at the moment.     

基于驾驶实践的无人船智能避碰决策方法

[目的]为实现沿海无人驾驶船舶自主航行,充分考虑无人驾驶船舶智能避碰决策的合理性和实时性后,提出并建立一种基于驾驶实践的无人船智能避碰决策方法。[方法]首先,以本体论为基础,设计无人驾驶船舶航行态势本体概念模型,并结合《国际海上避碰规则》及良好的船艺将船舶航行态势量化划分为12种会遇场景;然后,从驾驶实践的角度改进影响碰撞危险度因子的模糊隶属度函数,提出一种多元碰撞危险度评估模型,实现船舶碰撞危险度的精确计算;最后,以船舶避碰总路径最短为目标函数,提出一种基于驾驶员视角(BOP)的智能避碰决策模型,在船舶操纵性、舵角限幅等约束下求解最优避碰策略,并在典型的会遇场景下进行仿真实验。[结果]结果表明,该方法可以准确判断驾驶航行态势,给出合理的转向策略,实现典型会遇场景下的有效避碰。[结论]所做研究可为实现船舶自主航行提供理论基础和方法参考。