路面附着系数的自适应衰减卡尔曼滤波估计

为了获得实时、准确的路面附着系数，进一步提高观测路面附着系数算法的精度和收敛速度，结合非线性车辆动力学模型和轮胎力修正模型，搭建分布式驱动电动汽车联合仿真平台，提出一种基于自适应衰减无迹卡尔曼滤波的路面附着系数观测算法。该算法设计与各轮对应的路面附着系数观测器，应用协方差匹配判据对观测器发散趋势进行判别，设计自适应加权系数修正预测协方差，以增强新近观测数据的利用率；同时采用次优Sage-Husa噪声估计器对未知的系统过程噪声进行估计，抑制观测器的记忆存储长度，调整过程噪声和测量噪声的均值与协方差，提高观测器的跟踪能力。利用分布式驱动电动汽车分别进行高、低附着路面和对开路面直线制动试验，并将自适应衰减无迹卡尔曼滤波路面附着系数观测器的观测结果与无迹卡尔曼滤波观测值、参考路面附着系数进行比较和分析。结果表明：高附着路面条件下，所设计的算法估计误差可控制在0.64%以内；低附着路面条件下，所设计的算法估计误差可控制在1.03%以内；对开路面条件下估计误差可控制在1.26%以内；自适应衰减无迹卡尔曼滤波算法相比无迹卡尔曼滤波算法响应速率更快，具有更高的估计精度和较强的自适应能力，估计结果整体上维持稳定，能够适应各种不同路面的估计。     

考虑未知输入的主动悬架路面高程与等级识别研究

通过主动悬架的精确控制提高车辆乘坐舒适性与行驶安全性的基本前提是进行路面高程与等级识别。本文中设计了考虑未知输入的卡尔曼观测器,以获取路面高程信息;根据路面高程建立AR模型,得到路面功率谱密度,并求取兴趣频段内路面功率谱密度均方根值,实现了路面的等级分类。仿真分析了不同工况下路面高程估计方法和路面等级分类方法的准确性,并搭建了试验台架,验证了所提出路面高程估计方法和路面等级分类方法的有效性,为主动悬架的智能控制提供了必要条件。     

基于随机加权自适应容积卡尔曼的电池SOC估计

准确估计锂离子电池荷电状态（SOC）对于突破电动汽车发展瓶颈，推动电动汽车商业化至关重要。针对动力电池模型参数辨识问题，提出基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法（FRLS）的模型参数在线识别方法。实时测量动力电池电流和电压数据，在线辨识模型参数并实时更新，实时反映电池内部参数的变化过程，对电池动态特性进行实时模拟。针对容积卡尔曼（CKF）滤波过程中对噪声敏感的问题，提出一种基于随机加权思想的自适应容积卡尔曼滤波（ARWCKF）方法。相比于常规CKF容积点权值始终不变，通过引入随机加权因子，自适应调整容积点权值并对系统噪声、状态向量及观测向量进行预测，抑制系统噪声对状态估计的干扰，避免因容积点权重值固定所带来的误差。针对CKF算法在容积点计算过程中由于状态方差矩阵失去正定性导致的平方根分解无法使用的问题，提出基于奇异值分解的容积点计算方法，克服由于先验协方差矩阵负定性变化而导致的滤波精度下降等问题，并进行多种工况、温度下不同SOC初值的对比验证。结果表明：所提出的基于遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法的在线参数辨识及ARWCKF滤波方法具备良好的估计精度及收敛能力，最大电压估计误差不超过40 mV，SOC估计误差不超过1%。     

Robust road friction estimation during vehicle steering

Automated vehicles require information on the current road condition, i.e. the tyre–road friction coefficient for trajectory planning, braking or steering interventions. In this work, we propose a framework to estimate the road friction coefficient with stability and robustness guarantee using total aligning torque in vehicle front axle during steering. We first adopt a novel strategy to estimate the front axle lateral force which performs better than the classical unknown input observer. Then, combined with an indirect measurement based on estimated total aligning torque and front axle lateral force, a non-linear adaptive observer is designed to estimate road friction coefficient with stability guarantee. To increase the robustness of the estimation result, criteria are proposed to decide when to update the estimated road conditions. Simulations and experiments under various road conditions validate the proposed framework and demonstrate its advantage in stability by comparing it with the method utilising the wide-spread Extended Kalman Filter.     

结合卡尔曼滤波器的车辆主动悬架轴距预瞄控制研究

利用轴距预瞄信息，即前后轮路面输入之关系，同时结合卡尔曼滤波器作为状态估计器，本文提出了一种算法用于车辆悬架控制律的设计，根据模拟结果，研究了算法的可行性，分析了卡尔曼滤波器对状态变量的估计精度，以及轴距预瞄控制对进一步改进车辆性能的潜力。     

State Observer Design for an Adaptive Vehicle Suspension

This paper presents a state observer design for an adaptive vehicle suspension. Based on simulations, two main issues are investigated, (a) the selection of measurement signals in relation to estimation accuracy and sensing needs and (b) the effects of variations in both road inputs and vehicle parameters on estimation accuracy. Meanwhile, the system stabilities are also examined concerning the effects of using different combination of measurement states and the system parameter variations in practical, possible ranges.     

Estimation of Road Bank Angle and Vehicle Side Slip Angle Using Bayesian Tracking and Kalman Filter Approach

A lateral acceleration is considered to be a significant sensor signal for an estimation of a side slip angle. Due to the fact that a characteristic of a lateral G sensor, the sensor has a technical issue when a road bank angle has presented. In order to resolve the issue, this paper describes a novel method for the real time estimation of a vehicle side slip angle and a road bank angle simultaneously. A Bayesian tracking approach is used to estimate the road bank angle by comparing a measured lateral acceleration with the calculated one in the case of various angle. A Kalman Filter has been implemented through bicycle model using vehicle roll angle, road bank angle and angular velocity of side slip angle. The performance of the proposed estimation method has been evaluated via vehicle tests on a real road.     

Estimation of longitudinal speed robust to road conditions for ground vehicles

This article seeks to develop a longitudinal vehicle velocity estimator robust to road conditions by employing a tyre model at each corner. Combining the lumped LuGre tyre model and the vehicle kinematics, the tyres internal deflection state is used to gain an accurate estimation. Conventional kinematic-based velocity estimators use acceleration measurements, without correction with the tyre forces. However, this results in inaccurate velocity estimation because of sensor uncertainties which should be handled with another measurement such as tyre forces that depend on unknown road friction. The new Kalman-based observer in this paper addresses this issue by considering tyre nonlinearities with a minimum number of required tyre parameters and the road condition as uncertainty. Longitudinal forces obtained by the unscented Kalman filter on the wheel dynamics is employed as an observation for the Kalman-based velocity estimator at each corner. The stability of the proposed time-varying estimator is investigated and its performance is examined experimentally in several tests and on different road surface frictions. Road experiments and simulation results show the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach in estimating longitudinal speed for ground vehicles.     

AUTHOR INDEX VOLUME 39 AND 40

SUMMARY

This paper presents a state observer design for an adaptive vehicle suspension. Based on simulations, two main issues are investigated, (a) the selection of measurement signals in relation to estimation accuracy and sensing needs and (b) the effects of variations in both road inputs and vehicle parameters on estimation accuracy. Meanwhile, the system stabilities are also examined concerning the effects of using different combination of measurement states and the system parameter variations in practical, possible ranges.     

基于自适应卡尔曼滤波的锂离子电池SOC估计

采用自适应卡尔曼滤波方法,基于锂离子动力电池的等效电路模型,在未知干扰噪声环境下,在线估计电动汽车锂离子动力电池荷电状态(SOC)。仿真结果表明,采用自适应卡尔曼滤波方法估计的SOC误差小于2.4%,有效降低了电动汽车行驶时电池管理系统所受到的未知干扰噪声影响,SOC估计精度高于扩展卡尔曼方法,且具有较好的鲁棒性。     

车辆操纵稳定性状态估计算法比较研究

建立了基于运动学的车辆3自由度状态估计模型,分别将扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）、无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）和粒子滤波（PF）应用到车辆状态估计中,通过仿真试验比较了3种算法的估计效果。结果表明,车辆工作在线性稳定区域时,EKF算法效果最优,而车辆工作在强非线性区域并处于失稳状态时,PF算法效果最优。     

Identifying tyre models directly from vehicle test data using an extended Kalman filter

Individual tyre models are traditionally derived from component tests, with their parameters matched to force and slip measurements. They are imported into vehicle models which should, but do not always properly provide suspension geometry interaction. Recent advances in Global Positioning System (GPS)/inertia vehicle instrumentation now make full state measurement viable in test vehicles, so tyre slip behaviour is directly measurable. This paper uses an extended Kalman filter for system identification, to derive individual load-dependent tyre models directly from these test vehicle state measurements. The resulting model therefore implicitly compensates for suspension geometry and compliance. The paper looks at two variants of the tyre model, and also considers real-time adaptation of the model to road surface friction variations. Test vehicle results are used exclusively, and the results show successful tyre model identification, improved vehicle model state prediction – particularly in lateral velocity reproduction – and an effective real-time solution for road friction estimation.     

基于双目视觉计算的车辆跟驰状态实时感知系统

双目视觉技术能够实现目标的识别与距离计算，在自动驾驶领域有很大的应用空间。然而，现阶段双目视觉存在光照干扰、遮挡、弱纹理区域歧义匹配等问题，影响其测量的准确性和可靠性。提出基于双目视觉的跟驰状态实时感知系统，该系统采用基于车辆跟驰模型的扩展卡尔曼滤波方法对车辆跟驰状态进行实时估计，包括跟驰距离、前后车速度差等。通过实际道路试验，证明了该系统能够识别并修正测量数据中的异常值，解决弱纹理区域误匹配问题。试验结果表明：25 mm焦距与12 mm焦距的双目系统跟驰间距测量值的平均误差分别为2.66%与9.14%；在相对速度测量方面，2种焦距系统的测量精度基本相同，平均误差均为1 m·s^-1左右。所提出的方法在自动驾驶车辆环境感知领域有较好的应用前景。     

Effective assessment of tyre–road friction coefficient using a hybrid estimator

Vehicle stability and active safety control depend heavily on tyre forces available on each wheel of a vehicle. Since tyre forces are strongly affected by the tyre–road friction coefficient, it is crucial to optimise the use of the adhesion limits of the tyres. This study presents a hybrid method to identify the road friction limitation; it contributes significantly to active vehicle safety. A hybrid estimator is developed based on the three degrees-of-freedom vehicle model, which considers longitudinal, lateral and yaw motions. The proposed hybrid estimator includes two sub-estimators: one is the vehicle state information estimator using the unscented Kalman filter and another is the integrated road friction estimator. By connecting two sub-estimators simultaneously, the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the road friction coefficient. The performance of the proposed estimation algorithm is validated in CarSim/Matlab co-simulation environment under three different road conditions (high-μ, low-μ and mixed-μ). Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can assess vehicle states and road friction coefficient with good accuracy.     

基于LGSVL/Apollo的网络延迟攻击下自动驾驶车辆定位估算

为提高网络延迟攻击下自动驾驶车辆定位估计算法的精确度,研究了延迟模型下自动驾驶车辆定位的无偏差有限脉冲响应(UFIR)估计器设计方法,并仿真实验。搭建延迟攻击下的车辆运动学模型,拓展模型至有限长度的时间窗口,推导UFIR算法按批处理式与迭代式表达形式,分析Apollo系统各功能模块的数据流动,基于LG开源自动驾驶仿真器(LGSVL)与Apollo系统,搭建联合仿真测试平台并开展实验。结果表明:与Kalman滤波器(KF)相比,该算法估计精确度更高;当延迟数据出现较大变化时,算法响应速度更快,波动幅值更小,鲁棒性更强。当数据延迟时间小于等于1 s时,估计效果良好。因而,验证了基于LGSVL与Apollo系统进行自动驾驶仿真实验的可行性。     

考虑动力学模型系统误差补偿的智能车GNSS/IMU组合定位算法

为了解决智能车动态组合定位过程中，因动力学模型与实际模型之间存在偏差导致滤波精度下降的问题，针对智能车全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)/惯性测量单元(IMU)组合定位系统，结合非线性预测滤波(NPF)和自适应滤波的优点，提出了一种考虑动力学模型系统误差实时估计和补偿的自适应非线性预测滤波(ANPF)算法。首先，根据NPF算法原理，通过最小化预测观测残差与系统误差的加权平方和，估计动力学模型系统误差；其次，结合自适应滤波原理，利用状态预测残差向量构造自适应因子，设计了一种自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波(AEKF)算法，用于估计系统状态向量，并通过自适应因子抑制动力学模型系统误差和线性化误差对系统状态估计精度的影响，克服NPF对系统状态估计精度有限的缺陷；再次，对动力学模型系统误差的估计误差和由动力学模型系统误差引起的系统噪声的等效协方差阵进行了分析和推导，以补偿动力学模型系统误差对系统状态估计的影响；最后，通过车载GNSS/IMU组合定位系统试验，从算法精度、鲁棒性和实时性方面对提出的算法和其他滤波算法的性能进行了验证和对比分析。研究结果表明:提出的自适应算法继承了NPF算法简易性和高实时性的优点，同时克服了NPF算法估计精度有限的缺陷，具有较好的滤波解算精度，水平定位精度小于1.0 m，算法单次平均执行时间约为0.013 9 ms，在精度和实时性的平衡方面显著优于其他滤波方法。     

Stochastic Optimal Control of Highway Tractors with Active Suspensions

Stochastic optimal control and estimation theories are used to design an active suspension system for a cab ride in a tractor-semitrailer vehicle. A discrete-continuous vehicle model with eleven degrees of freedom is augmented by a stochastic road excitation model and a human perception of vibration shape filter. Both perfect measurement and estimated state cases are considered. The impact of the measurement noise on the design of the optimal controller is demonstrated. The performance of the optimally controlled system is compared with an optimal passive system. It is shown that significant improvements in ride comfort can be achieved through the use of actively controlled cab suspensions.     

Road roughness estimation based on discrete Kalman filter with unknown input

ABSTRACT

The road roughness acts as a disturbance input to the vehicle dynamics, and causes undesirable vibrations associated with the ride and handing characteristics. Furthermore, the accurate measurement of road roughness plays a key role in better understanding a vehicle dynamic behaviour and active suspension control systems. However, the direct measurement by laser profilometer or other distance sensors are not trivial due to technical and economic issues. This study proposes a new road roughness estimation method by using the discrete Kalman filter with unknown input (DKF-UI). This algorithm is built on a quarter-car model and uses the measurements of the wheel stroke (suspension deflection), and the acceleration of the sprung mass and unsprung mass. The estimation results are compared to the measurements by laser profilometer in-vehicle test.     

一种基于加速度及轮速信息的参考车速估计方法

以两轮驱动轿车为研究对象,提出了一种基于加速度及轮速信息的参考车速估计方法。以Kalman滤波为基本算法,结合试验分析,通过估计系统噪声特征和修正量测方程,改进了算法对加速度量测信号静态偏差变化的跟踪能力,提高了参考车速的估计精度。利用该方法估计参考车速具有不依赖大量试验、计算量小的特点,适于实车应用。