The effect of motorcycle safety campaign on helmet use: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to estimate the effectiveness of motorcycle safety campaigns for increasing helmet use among motorcycle riders and passengers.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Web of Science (WOS) databases were systematically searched up June 2020 for all relevant studies. The National Institute of Health (NIH) tool was used to assess the quality of all included studies. Inter-study heterogeneity was measured using the Chi-Squared and I² statistics, with the odds ratio (OR) being used as a measure of the pooled effect size.ResultsOut of the 561 records identified from the literature searches, eight articles (or 11 studies) were eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. Using a random effects model, the results of the meta-analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in helmet use among motorcycle riders (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 1.01–20.14, I² = 99.9%) and passengers (OR = 6.57, 95% CI: 1.41–30.56, I² = 99.9%). The findings of sensitivity analyses, based on alternative levels of r for imputing the standard error (SE) of the ORs, showed the pooled OR of helmet use among motorcycle riders (r = 0.7; 3.49; 95% CI: 0.78, 16.44; r = 0.9; 3.49; 95% CI: 0.76, 16.11) was sensitive to different levels of r. However, no significant effect was detected on the pooled effect size for different correlation coefficients for motorcycle passengers (r = 0.7; 6.56; 95% CI: 1.59, 27.00; r = 0.9; 6.56; 95% CI: 2.25, 19.13). Increases in helmet use among motorcycle passengers were found in studies that: monitored pre and post campaign periods for longer than one year and were conducted in Thailand or Vietnam. However, the effect of motorcycle safety campaigns on helmet use among motorcycle riders remained significant for all of the different strata included.ConclusionThe present meta-analysis found that motorcycle safety campaigns can lead to a significant increase in helmet use among both motorcycle riders and passengers. Due to the high degree of inter study heterogeneity, these findings should be interpreted with some caution. Despite the apparent favourable influence of motorcycle safety campaigns, more robust research is required.     

Les systèmes de transmission sol-train état de l'art et perspectives

Intelligent transportation systems aim to provide comprehensive improvements to the efficiency and safety of transportation systems by applying new information and communication technologies. Such techniques are increasingly used for guided transport, bringing this into the domain of intelligent transportation. The functions involved in the movement of trains which were formerly performed by drivers and staff on the ground are now performed by means of fail-safe automatic devices which are controlled by transmissions between the track and the train. Ultimately, the development of intelligent transportation therefore involves total replacement of the driver, as has been the case since 1983 in the first French automatic metro, the val in Lille. This example was followed by ordival at Orly, maggaly in Lyon, the val in Toulouse finally, and most recently in October 1998, ratp line 14 in Paris, known as meteor. This paper describes voice and data track-to-train transmissions for train control command and safety purposes and also in order to satisfy the demands of passengers. The principal applications of track-to-train transmissions are covered as are the technologies employed. The increase in requirements and in the functions performed by automatic devices and the objectives of improving performance and increasing train speeds have resulted in the development of a new European train control-command system, the most advanced version of which is essentially based on track-to-train radio communications. This new system, which was principally developed for high speed train systems is being viewed with increasing interest by urban and suburban guided transport networks. At the same time, the remarkable growth to the mobile telecommunications market has led to the emergence of new needs, linked to the improvement of the services provided to passengers.     

汽车驾驶员不安全行为评价分析

为稳步增强汽车驾驶的安全性,减少安全事故的发生,驾驶人员除了需要具备足够的应急应变能力之外,还需要做好安全行为习惯养成工作,形成良好的驾驶习惯。文章以汽车驾驶员不安全行为作出研究对象,在明确不安全行为表现的基础上,深刻分析影响汽车驾驶人员不安全行为的因素,在此基础上,制定合理的应对策略,旨在引导驾驶人员形成安全行为,以不断提升驾驶员的驾驶能力。     

基于计算机视觉的驾驶状态监控实验平台

基于计算机视觉,构建了一个驾驶状态监控实验平台,平台硬件部分包含CCD摄像机、嵌入式计算机、告警装置等,软件部分包含图像采集模块、图像特征提取模块等.该系统可安装在普通汽车上,实时地定位驾驶员的脸部、眼睛的位置,为进行驾驶行为分析、实时监控等实验提供基础数据.系统的应用,对防止不安全驾驶行为,提高交通安全有着重要意义.     

对我国高速公路安全管理系统的探讨

在高速公路交通事故及其严重程度的致因中安全管理系统的健全不容忽视。通过对我国某条高速公路交通安全管理系统和交通事故的致因分析,从管理体制和交通安全角度剖析了高速公路安全管理中存在的问题,提出了:实行"统一管理,综合执法",或在现有的管理模式下,高速公路的交通警察和监控人员在监控中心合署办公,共同处理高速公路上的交通安全问题;限制超速行驶、加强对货车、危险品运输及高速公路结构和安全设施的管理,优化服务意识、建立信息协调机制、充分利用交通广播等其他安全管理措施和方法以完善高速公路交通安全管理,建立一套符合我国国情的高速公路安全管理措施和方法,以期达到为公路用户提供安全、舒适和快速的运行环境的目的。     

城市公交车内儿童乘员头部损伤的有限元分析

基于已验证的具有详细解剖学结构的头部模型和儿童假人身体有限元模型,构建了具有高计算效率的6岁儿童混合人体有限元模型,结合构建的城市公交车整车有限元模型,选取儿童乘坐公交车时的4个典型位置,对公交车紧急制动和正面碰撞工况下的儿童头部损伤进行了仿真。结果表明,公交车正常行驶紧急制动时头部不会损伤,但在有交通事故发生碰撞时可能会出现头部损伤,给出了容易发生碰撞损伤的乘坐位置,并对头部碰撞损伤的特点进行了分析,为公交车内儿童乘员的安全防护提供理论支撑。     

On-road assessment of in-vehicle driving workload for older drivers: Design guidelines for intelligent vehicles

There has been recent interest in intelligent vehicle technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) or in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), that offer a significant enhancement of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers. However, the use of ADAS- and IVIS-based information devices may increase driver distraction and workload, which in turn can increase the chance of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents involving older drivers that are due to distraction, misjudgment, and delayed detection of danger, all of which are related to the drivers’ declining physical and cognitive capabilities, has increased. Because the death rate in traffic accidents is higher when older drivers are involved, finding ways to reduce the distraction and workload of older drivers is important. This paper generalizes driver information device operations and assesses the workload while driving by means of experiments involving 40 drivers in real cars under actual road conditions. Five driving tasks (manual only, manual primarily, visual only, visual primarily, and visual-manual) and three age groups (younger (20–29 years of age), middle-aged (40–49 years of age), and older (60–69 years of age)) were considered in investigating the effect of age-related workload difference. Data were collected from 40 drivers who drove in a real car under actual road conditions. The experimental results showed that age influences driver workload while performing in-vehicle tasks.     

機車騎士未戴安全帽辨識之研究

臺灣地區機車車輛數眾多,但在應用在機車騎士執法上這一層面較少討論到。國人普遍駕駛習慣不良,而道路交通事故的發生常常就是因爲用路人不守法的行爲所致,近年來未戴安全帽而招舉報的案件上昇10萬多件,使得交通安全的問題日益嚴重。文中使用監視攝影機,透過模糊類神經演算法的運算,篩選出未戴安全帽者,並可結合顔色特徵作進一步分析,提高其辨識率,進行未戴安全帽的辨識工作。這一研究經簡單測試有九成的準確率,在智慧型執法系統中有輔助的效應,也殿立了後續發展的基礎。     

结合伤情的事故再现新方法研究

采用FC-Crash对道路交通事故进行重构已是比较成熟的方法,从中可以获取事故车辆的三维加速度与角加速度波形,但无法模拟出乘员的伤情指标,而Madymo软件是建立包含车体、安全带、安全气囊、假人在内的约束系统模型,在给定的加速度下可以计算出人员的伤害指标。故将PC—Crash与Madymo进行耦合计算,即可获得事故车辆在事故过程中的运动参数,再现驾乘者的运动响应,进而得到人员的伤情指标。这一新的事故再现方法的研究结果表明:PC-Crash与Madymo的耦合计算可较为准确地再现事故车辆的减速和旋转运动状态,以及驾乘人员的响应运动状态,对结合致伤机理深入分析事故原因具有重要的意义,也可为交通事故鉴定提供新思路。     

约束带系统的试验研究

约束带系统是儿童约束系统的一个组成部分,其性能直接关系到车内儿童乘员的安全。文章介绍了通过对不同儿童约束系统标准的研究,建立起符合标准的试验装置,并根据规定的步骤对约束带进行试验和判定。指出按照这种方法可完整地时约束带系统进行合理地评价,并可通过上述试验装置及试验方法来考核约束带系统的性能和质量,以保证儿童乘员的安全,为C-NCAP增加儿童安全座椅方面的测试内容做准备。     

机动车交汇时灯具炫目性的讨论

在背景亮度为1 cd/m2的晚上,摩托车及汽车驾驶员无论使用近光灯、转向信号灯或专用昼间行驶灯,在各交汇距离相对上升对比度阈值小于2时,均不会产生炫目,不会影响对向行驶摩托车驾驶员的观察和判断能力;而摩托车和汽车远光灯在任何距离时的相对上升对比度阈值远远大于2时,在摩托车和摩托车交汇时,会产生炫目,造成交通行驶隐患.     

超速语音提醒风格对驾驶员干预效果分析

文章从驾驶员的气质类型出发,提出了针对不同气质类型的超速语音干预体系。针对不同气质类型的驾驶员,分析并研究其对干预时刻以及干预风格的反应规律,从而得出了不同气质类型的驾驶员对待干预措施的反应的相关性规律。且通过数据统计进一步的分析得出不同气质类型的驾驶员应优先选用的提醒时刻,以及在不同提醒时段应优先选用的语音提醒风格。     

Understanding the socioeconomic characteristics of paratransit drivers and their perceptions toward electric three-wheeled rickshaws in Delhi,India

In India, electric rickshaws (ERs) prove to be a sustainable and affordable paratransit mode for the public. The ER service is also creating employment and income opportunities for the unskilled labor force. Many Indian state governments are proposing ER services to cater to first and last-mile trips. Therefore, planners must identify the significant factors that can affect ER services' adoption and expansion. Because of this, the present study investigates the perceptions of drivers of three prominent paratransit modes toward ERs. The research also provides a better understanding of the socio-economic conditions of these paratransit drivers. The study utilizes data of 620 paratransit drivers obtained from a face-to-face survey conducted in Delhi, India. Grey relation analysis is applied to assess the three paratransit driver groups' perceptions about ERs. The data reveals that paratransit drivers belong mostly to low financial and educational backgrounds. Male drivers constitute many paratransit drivers in the city. The lack of facilities such as designated parking and fixed charging stations and fare regulation is perceived as critical ER services barriers. Similarly, the absence of separate lanes and unsafe overtaking attempts by fast-moving vehicles are the major causes of accidents involving ERs. Further, the light body of ERs and careless driving and traffic rule violations of drivers in mixed traffic conditions are the primary safety issues. The study also highlights potential policy recommendations to design an efficient electric version of the paratransit service for achieving sustainable development goals.     

Determinants of certified motorcycle helmet use among postal delivery riders at rural areas in Peninsular Malaysia

This study aims to identify the determinants of certified helmet use among postal delivery riders (PDRs) in rural areas of Peninsular Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was done among 269 PDRs from 50 postal distribution centres (DC) nationwide. Data collection was achieved through observation of the helmets and a questionnaire. The quality of the motorcycle helmets was determined by the presence of the certification label issued by the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). The response rate was 99.3%. The odds of full-shell helmets having the SIRIM label were 37.1 times more than that of the half-shell helmets. The odds of non-purchased helmets having the SIRIM label were 14.9 times more than that of the purchased helmets. The odds of expensive helmets having the SIRIM label were 4.4 times more than that for cheaper motorcycle helmets. The odds of helmets owned by riders without a previous crash history having the SIRIM label were 1.9 times more than helmets owned by riders with a crash history. Full-shell helmets with SIRIM standard certification, non-purchased helmets, helmet price of US$11.00 or more, and motorcycle riders without any previous crash history were determinants that contributed towards the use of a certified motorcycle helmet. Multiple logistic regression indicated that two variables significantly predicted the use of a certified motorcycle helmet among PDRs – helmet type and cost. An employer that provides the employees with full-shell motorcycle helmets with SIRIM standard certification label that costs at least US$11.00 and hiring motorcycle riders without any previous crash history gives a higher chance of compliance with standard certified motorcycle helmet usage.     

儿童约束系统调节装置耐久试验研究

文章根据ECE R44 Rev2《Restraining devices for child occupants of power-driven vehicles （Child restraint system）》和GB27887-2011《机动车儿童乘员用约束系统》的相关要求,设计研发调节装置耐久试验台,配合PLC技术来完成整个儿童约束系统的多动作耐久试验.     

现代汽车仪表板成型与加工工艺技术综述

仪表板系统是汽车内饰系统中最关键的系统,因为仪表板是驾驶员和用户最直观、最近距离接触的零部件,其造型风格、外观质量以及功能配置等因素直接影响着驾乘人员对车辆的品质感受。集舒适性、美观性、功能性、装饰性、安全性于一身的特质也决定了仪表板在设计开发中涉及到的工艺更广泛、更复杂。为了使仪表板能够在驾驶舱内呈现良好的效果,汽车工程师们从成型工艺、加工工艺、表面装饰工艺3个维度进行了深度的挖掘,开发出多种适合不同级别、不同配置、不同功能定义的车型的工艺,使得开发人员在设计开发过程可以根据不同需求进行合理选择。     

汽车驾驶员主动安全性因素的辨识与分析

机动车驾驶为运输业中特殊工作,所以对该行业从业人员要求较高。安全驾驶旨为预防交通事故,确保行车安全。汽车驾驶安全性,不仅与汽车自身安全性能相关,而且与驾驶者行车中安全操控密不可分,通过一系列的措施增强驾驶者主动安全意识,可降低行车风险。基于此,有必要掌握汽车驾驶员素质对行车安全影响,了解事故发生的客观规律,提出针对性的预防措施,将各类不安全隐患遏制于萌芽时期,为行车安全做以保障。     

Factors affecting severity of motorcycle accidents on Thailand's arterial roads: Multiple correspondence analysis and ordered logistics regression approaches

Thailand was classified as a middle-income country and ranked second highest in terms of road traffic fatality rate in the world in 2015. By 2018, this ranking went up to ninth in world which may be because of various earnest safety policies implementation, supporting road safety research and establishing a road safety directing center. However, crash fatality rate has considerably remained high until recent year, indicating a clear need for further related research. Considering severity of the crashes, the majority of fatal crashes involved the motorcycle road user. Therefore, motorcycle crashes are important issues and should be considered to mitigate fatality due to immoderate proportion of motorcycle road user and motorcyclist fatality. This study aims to identify factors that influence the severity of motorcycle accidents on Thailand's arterial roads by employing ordered logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis. The results demonstrated that although both analyses were relatively different, they provided similar results. Age, road lanes, and helmet wearing were significant factors that influenced the severity of motorcycle accidents. The results could serve as reference for planning strategies or organizing campaigns to reduce and prevent death owing to road traffic accidents, which may enhance the overall image of road traffic safety in Thailand.     

道路客运企业交通安全管理水平组合赋权评价

针对目前我国道路客运企业安全评价内容多为定性评价的现状,以道路客运企业的交通安全管理内容为研究对象,对16家客运企业展开实地调研工作,获取相关数据及材料。以此为基础,针对客运企业安全管理现状,建立了一套将企业安全管理内容划分为企业制度、驾驶员及车辆3个方面的企业安全管理水平评价指标体系。结合主观赋权法中的层次分析法和客观赋权法中的熵值法对指标进行组合赋权,并利用表征客运企业交通安全管理水平的事故数据分别对组合赋权法计算结果和层次分析法及熵值法计算结果进行相关性分析。结果表明,组合赋权法的相关性达到-0.841,优于层次分析法的-0.793和熵值法的-0.754。通过组合赋权法得到的企业评分排序结果也与事故数据排序结果基本一致,表明利用该组合赋权法可以对道路客运企业交通安全管理水平作出更为真实客观的评价。      

关于公交车驾驶员安全驾驶视觉特性的分析

随着我国现代化的不断发展,城镇居民的生活水平不断提高,对各种交通工具的需求也在不断加大。同时,由于环境的逐渐恶化和人们环保意识的提高,越来越多人在出行时选择公交或者地铁等公共交通工具出行,因此,公交车驾驶的安全问题受到大家广泛关注。相关数据表明,驾驶员的违规驾驶是引起交通事故的重要原因,应从驾驶员的角度出发,分析公交车驾驶员安全与驾驶视觉特性的关系,有效保障公交车行驶的安全性。公交车驾驶员是驾驶行为的参与者,行驶过程中结合视觉信息操作驾驶行为。本文简要概述了驾驶员的视觉基本特性与疲劳驾驶、分心驾驶及驾驶经验对视觉特性的影响等方面,基于驾驶员的视觉特性影响因素进行研究和提出几点建议。