工程机械底盘液压驱动装置性能分析(14)

9.2液压驱动车辆的制动装置 9.2.1影响车辆液压制动的因素 行走车辆的闭式液压驱动系统在回路的进、出口两端都可以输出功率.在标准的车辆行驶过程中,功率传输有牵引和制动两种模式.牵引工况下,能量由发动机输出,经泵、马达,然后经过车轮或履带最终传至地面.制动工况下的功率传输与牵引相反.所有行走车辆闭式液压系统均会受到牵引和制动模式的影响.当行走车辆迅速减速或下坡滑行时制动模式经常出现,这种工况常称为动刹车或下坡刹车.     

混合动力汽车发动机辅助制动控制方法

本文中提出一种基于行驶安全性和乘坐舒适性的并联式混合动力汽车发动机辅助制动控制方法。首先通过对下坡路段车辆行驶特性的分析,选择了发动机辅助制动的接入时机;分析了发动机接入过程中起动电机与离合器的动态协调过程;接着为保持发动机接入过程中的车速稳定,提出了发动机辅助制动接入过程中驱动电机的协调控制;最后通过实车实验对所提出的策略进行了验证,结果表明,该策略不仅可以提高并联式混合动力汽车在下坡路段的行驶安全和传动系部件的使用寿命,而且可以明显改善乘员的乘坐舒适性。     

工程机械底盘液压驱动装置性能分析(1)

液压驱动装置的结构形式与性能是工程机械底盘液压驱动与控制的两大重要组成部分之一。分析讨论了各类结构形式的液压驱动装置及其与行走机构组成不同形式的液压车辆底盘时的性能与特点。对车辆工作所需要的特殊功能，如液压同步、限速、制动以及补油回路等也进行了讨论，有助于工程车辆的理论研究与产品设计。     

辅助制动试验研究

针对大中型商用车辆下坡时的安全问题，给出了其辅助制动的试验，分析了发动机制动、排气制动和缓行器使用的效果。     

基于发动机制动与电涡流缓速器联合特性的山区公路连续长大下坡路段辅助减速车道研究

目前重型货车在下长大坡路段持续制动极易引起行车安全问题。本文提出在长大下坡路段增设辅助减速车道,在一定程度上可缓解下坡压力。因此,引入温升模型,计算车辆下坡失速模型,确定下坡安全距离,以此为缓速车道设计提供依据。首先对发动机制动和电涡流缓速器联合作用下对重型汽车下坡进行研究。其次根据车辆系统动力学,进行汽车下坡能力分析。结合对汽车在制动鼓安全温度阈值内的汽车安全下坡距离的研究,得到下坡安全距离最长坡长为10 km左右,行驶坡度平均范围为3%～7%。基于此确定辅助减速车道的设定位置。     

丰田普锐斯混合动力车制动系统的发展

<正>制动能量回收液压制动的协调控制以普锐斯为代表的混合动力车在行驶制动、减速时,其制动能量可转变为电能,并储存于蓄电池中(称为制动能量回收),以降低燃油消耗。储存于蓄电池中的电能用于车辆起动和加速以降低发动机负荷,从而提高燃油经济性。为了要增加车辆制动、减速时的能量回收量,开发了制动能量回收制动系统。这种制动系统的控制是由原发动机车型的液压制动器与电机(减速、制动时起发电机的作用)的能量回收系统组成。     

汽车电涡流缓速器性能道路试验方法探讨

现代汽车制动主要包括传统的车桥制动、发动机制动及缓速器制动等三种形式。车桥制动的缺点是在车辆频繁制动以及下坡长制动时都会产生制动器过热现象,导致制动效能衰减，甚至制动失效。缓速器是一种辅助刹车系统,可以不必使用主制动器就能减缓车辆行驶速度,增强车辆的安全性。其作用原理与传统制动方式不同，有延长传动系和制动系寿命的功效.     

汽车转向系统的发展及展望

1　液压助力转向系统随着车辆载重的增加以及人们对车辆操纵性能的提高,简单的机械式转向系统已经无法满足需求,于是人们发明了一种能够减轻驾驶员操作负荷的液压助力转向系统,并于 20世纪 30年代应用在重型车辆上。液压助力转向系统借助于汽车发动机的动力驱动油泵、空气压缩机和发电机等,以液力、气力或电力增大驾驶员操纵前轮转向的力量,使驾驶员可以轻便灵活地操纵汽车转向,减轻了劳动强度,提高了行驶安全性。2　电控液压动力转向系统由于液压动力转向系统的液压泵一直随发动机同时运转,增大了燃油消耗,为了克服液压动力转向系统在燃油…     

发动机制动、排气制动与缓行器联合作用的模糊控制系统研究

针对客车山区道路下坡行驶过程中对稳定车速的要求，对客车发动机制动、排气制动与缓行器联合作用时的制动模糊控制系统进行了设计和模拟分析。结果表明此控制系统可以保证汽车在不采用主制动器的条件下，利用发动机制动、排气制动与缓行器联合作用的持续制动方式，在各种坡度的坡道上以希望的车速稳定下坡行驶。     

分布式驱动电动汽车回馈制动失效的液压补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车各驱动轮转速和转矩可以单独精确控制，便于实现整车动力学控制和制动能量回馈，从而提升车辆的主动安全性和行驶经济性。但车辆在回馈制动过程中，一旦1台电机突发故障，其他电机产生的制动力矩将对整车形成附加横摆力矩，从而造成车辆失稳，此时虽可通过截断异侧对应电机制动力矩输出来保证行驶方向，但会使车辆制动力大幅衰减或丧失，同样不利于行车安全。为了解决此问题，提出并验证一种基于电动助力液压制动系统的制动压力补偿控制方法，力图有效保证整车制动安全性。以轮毂电机驱动汽车为例，首先建立了整车动力学模型以及轮毂电机模型，通过仿真验证了回馈制动失效的整车失稳特性以及电机转矩截断控制的不足；然后，建立了电动助力液压制动系统模型，并通过原理样机的台架试验验证了模型的准确性；接着，基于滑模控制算法设计了制动压力补偿控制器，并在单侧电机再生制动失效后的转矩截断控制基础上完成了液压制动补偿控制效果仿真验证；最后，通过实车试验证明了所提控制方法的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明：在分布式驱动电动汽车单侧电机再生制动失效工况下，通过异侧电机转矩截断控制和制动系统的液压主动补偿，能够使车辆快速恢复稳定行驶并满足制动强度需求。     

发动机制动、排气制动与缓速器联合作用时的非连续线性控制系统的研究

针对客车发动机制动、排气制动的制动扭矩比较小的问题,提出采用发动机制动、排气制动与缓速器联合作用的持续制动方式,并且针对汽车在山区道路下坡行驶过程中对稳定车速的要求,进行了相应的控制系统设计。模拟分析结果表明:该控制系统可以保证汽车在不采用行车制动器的条件下,利用发动机制动、排气制动与缓速器联合作用的持续制动方式,在各种坡度的坡道上以希望的车速稳定下坡行驶,为汽车在山区道路连续下坡行驶的制动安全性提供了一个合理的解决方案。     

牵引力控制系统模糊PI控制方法研究

提出牵引力控制系统的油门模糊增量PI控制算法和驱动轮制动模糊PI控制算法。在建立汽车加速过程的发动机模型、制动器模型、轮胎模型、整车模型和路面自动识别系统的基础上，采用所提出的控制算法对典型附着路面上的牵引力控制过程进行了仿真模拟。结果表明路面自动识别系统能识别路面附着变化，有效抑制各种工况的驱动轮过度滑转，有较强的鲁棒性。     

Modeling and Analysis of Automotive Antilock Brake Systems Subject to Vehicle Payload Shifting

The steerability and stability of vehicles must be maintained during emergency stopping and evasive driving maneuvers on degraded road surfaces. The introduction of antilock brake and traction control systems (ABS/TCS) has expanded the envelope of safe vehicle operation for the majority of drivers. These mechatronic systems combine an electronic controller with wheel speed sensors, an electro-mechanical hydraulic brake actuator, and in some instances, engine intervention through the engine control unit, to regulate wheel slip. The development of ABS systems has traditionally depended on extensive in-vehicle testing, at cold weather proving grounds, which contribute to lengthy product development cycles. However, recent attention has been focused on the use of simulation and hardware-in-the-loop strategies to emulate test conditions in a controlled setting to shorten product design time and methodically address critical safety issues. In this paper, the effect of transient load shifting due to cargo movement on ABS performance in light-duty vehicles will be investigated. Analytical and empirical mathematical models are presented to describe the chassis, tire/road interface, wheel, brake modulator, and cargo dynamics. Two strategies, a model-free table lookup and model-based discrete nonlinear controller, are presented to regulate the ABS modulator's operation. These vehicle and controller dynamics have been integrated into a simulation tool to investigate the effect of transient weight transfers on the vehicle's overall stopping distance and time. Representative numerical results are presented and discussed to quantify the ABS systems' performance for various loading and operating conditions.     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

地面制动力增力式汽车制动系设计

通过在浮动制动底板上安装液动力缸的方法，可以将汽车的行驶动能部分地转化为制动器动力源，使制动过程不再消耗和依赖于发动机的动力实现能量回收利用。该装置结构简单、性能可靠，有显著的节能效果。对该装置的特点和工作过程进行了分析。     

A novel fuzzy logic correctional algorithm for traction control systems on uneven low-friction road conditions

The traction control system (TCS) might prevent excessive skid of the driving wheels so as to enhance the driving performance and direction stability of the vehicle. But if driven on an uneven low-friction road, the vehicle body often vibrates severely due to the drastic fluctuations of driving wheels, and then the vehicle comfort might be reduced greatly. The vibrations could be hardly removed with traditional drive-slip control logic of the TCS. In this paper, a novel fuzzy logic controller has been brought forward, in which the vibration signals of the driving wheels are adopted as new controlled variables, and then the engine torque and the active brake pressure might be coordinately re-adjusted besides the basic logic of a traditional TCS. In the proposed controller, an adjustable engine torque and pressure compensation loop are adopted to constrain the drastic vehicle vibration. Thus, the wheel driving slips and the vibration degrees might be adjusted synchronously and effectively. The simulation results and the real vehicle tests validated that the proposed algorithm is effective and adaptable for a complicated uneven low-friction road.     

Experimental investigations on continuous regenerative anti-lock braking system of full electric vehicle

Functions of anti-lock braking for full electric vehicles (EV) with individually controlled wheel drive can be realized through conventional brake system actuating friction brakes and regenerative brake system actuating electric motors. To analyze advantages and limitations of both variants of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), the presented study introduces results of experimental investigations obtained from proving ground tests of all-wheel drive EV. The brake performance is assessed for three different configurations: hydraulic ABS; regenerative ABS only on the front axle; blended hydraulic and regenerative ABS on the front axle and hydraulic ABS on the rear axle. The hydraulic ABS is based on a rule-based controller, and the continuous regenerative ABS uses the gain-scheduled proportional-integral direct slip control with feedforward and feedback control parts. The results of tests on low-friction road surface demonstrated that all the ABS configurations guarantee considerable reduction of the brake distance compared to the vehicle without ABS. In addition, braking manoeuvres with the regenerative ABS are characterized by accurate tracking of the reference wheel slip that results in less oscillatory time profile of the vehicle deceleration and, as consequence, in better driving comfort. The results of the presented experimental investigations can be used in the process of selection of ABS architecture for upcoming generations of full electric vehicles with individual wheel drive.     

Effects of FTP-75 mode vehicle fuel economy improvement due to types of power steering system

This paper focuses on fuel economy improvement according to the type of power steering system. Usually, a conventional power steering system is directly driven by the crankshaft of the engine with a belt, known as HPS (hydraulic power steering). However, there is some inefficiency with this system at high engine speeds. To improve this inefficiency, automobile makers have developed two power steering systems: EHPS (electro-hydraulic power steering) and MDPS (motor-driven power steering) or EPS (electric powered steering). However, there has been insufficient study of effects of the type of power steering system on fuel economy. In this paper, the effect of the type of power steering system on fuel economy is studied experimentally, and calculations of the effect on vehicle fuel economy are presenting using computer simulation with AVL cruise software. The results demonstrate that a 1% vehicle fuel economy improvement can be achieved in a vehicle with an electro-hydraulic power steering system compared to a vehicle with a hydraulic power steering system. In addition, a 1.7% vehicle fuel economy improvement can be achieved using a full electric power steering system in a FTP-75 driving cycle. These results could be used to choose a power steering system.     

电液复合制动匹配研究

对轮边驱动型式的电动汽车的电液复合制动系统匹配方法进行研究，基于MATLAB／SIMULINK平台建立复合制动系统的动念仿真模型，对某电动车型的电液复合制动参数进行了分析和设计。