Front-Rear Interaction of a Pitch-Plane Truck Model

Results from a previously reported experimental study on heavy articulated vehicles show that the choice of tractor unit strongly affects the dynamic tyre forces generated by the trailer axles, but the choice of trailer unit does not strongly affect the tyre forces generated by the tractor axles. These results have implications for assessing the road-friendliness of tractor and trailer units. The objectives of the work described in this paper are to understand the dynamic interaction between the tractor and trailer unit, and to identify the conditions for which strong interaction exists. A mathematical model with two degrees of freedom is used to simulate the pitch-plane dynamics of an articulated vehicle. Three idealized vehicles are investigated and three conditions for strong dynamic interaction are identified. It is thought that these conditions are likely to exist in a large proportion of heavy trucks.     

A Theoretical Analysis of the Ride Vibration of Agricultural Tractor and Trailer Combinations

A six degree of freedom model of an agricultural tractor and trailer combination has been developed. Results from eigenvalue and frequency response calculations indicated that tractor operator vibration levels will be higher when operating with a trailer than for the tractor alone, due mainly to increased tractor pitch motion.

Although minor improvements could be made to present tractor and trailer combinations by moving the hitch forward of the tractor rear axle or providing some damping at a sprung hitch, the scope for a significant improvement in ride lies in changing the configuration. If higher speed specialised transport vehicles prove economical for agriculture, there are some advantages in ride vibration to be gained by changing the layout of the tractor and trailer combination to resemble an off-road version of a commercial articulated lorry.     

半挂牵引工程车改装设计研究

针对道路建设中筑路工程车需求日益增大的现状,介绍了解放牌半挂牵引工程车专用部分的设计与校核,以及在设计时须注意的主要问题;提出了牵引车与挂车相关的定义、性能要求以及几何参数,可作为研究和指导解放系列半挂式牵引车设计的规范。     

A Theoretical Analysis of the Ride Vibration of Agricultural Tractor and Trailer Combinations

SUMMARY

A six degree of freedom model of an agricultural tractor and trailer combination has been developed. Results from eigenvalue and frequency response calculations indicated that tractor operator vibration levels will be higher when operating with a trailer than for the tractor alone, due mainly to increased tractor pitch motion.

Although minor improvements could be made to present tractor and trailer combinations by moving the hitch forward of the tractor rear axle or providing some damping at a sprung hitch, the scope for a significant improvement in ride lies in changing the configuration. If higher speed specialised transport vehicles prove economical for agriculture, there are some advantages in ride vibration to be gained by changing the layout of the tractor and trailer combination to resemble an off-road version of a commercial articulated lorry.     

Kinematic and dynamic analysis of a heavy truck with individual front suspension

The main focus of this work is on the characteristics of a commercial vehicle with individual front suspension (IFS). Both kinematic and dynamic properties of the vehicle are investigated through simulations and analytical expressions. Moreover, employing the model of the tractor semitrailer combination, the study presents the results of comparison between the trucks with IFS and rigid front axle with respect to comfort and handling. This is done by analysing the responses of the vehicles to different road and steering inputs. The obtained results show enhanced comfort and steering feeling for the truck with IFS.     

基于力学分析的皮卡车牵引能力研究

本文介绍了一种基于力学分析的皮卡车(也称多用途货车)牵引能力的理论计算和试验方法,得出了决定皮卡车牵引能力的主要因素有:皮卡车动力传动系统能力、驱动形式、结构强度,挂车类型以及道路情况等。经验证,理论计算得到的牵引能力与试验结果一致性较好:通过皮卡车牵引能力的计算和验证,能够有效指导企业进行设计开发,充分发挥皮卡车较强的牵引能力特性,推动皮卡车市场发展。     

基于轴载谱的公路货运运力结构预测研究

针对传统数据采集和研究模式中的不足,论文提出了基于车辆轴型分类的车辆轴载谱来分析高等级公路车流轴载、公路货运车辆运营成本和超限严格管制下公路货运运力结构预测的新方法,其基本思路为按轴型和车辆载重状态划分车型、开展轴载和交通量调查、计算不同车型的轴载谱、对各车型各轴型的轴载谱进行Gauss曲线拟合、再根据拟合函数进行车辆轴载、运营成本和运力结构的计算,文中还结合世行安徽公路项目II(超载运输课题研究)进行了实际应用。     

自动化公路货物运输量统计方法

为了提高中国公路货运统计的真实性和统计效率，利用自动化交调、轴载检测、高速公路计费、联网联控货车以及国家道路货运量专项调查等数据，提出2种自动化公路货运量统计方法。2种方法均采用浮动检测数据与固定检测数据融合的原理，使用浮动车数据获得运输特征，分别使用高速计费数据及自动化交调数据获得运输规模。通过设备检测数据与人工调查数据的嵌套计算，解决分层统计中行业浮动车代表性不足的问题。通过数据的一致性分析，解决不同类型数据车型划分标准不同给数据融合带来的口径不一致问题。与传统方法相比，统计方式由人工统计转变为自动化统计；统计对象由营运性货车扩展为全社会货车；统计口径由按车籍地统计转变为按运输发生地统计；统计周期由月缩短为日。此外，实现了可按车辆类型、道路类型、运输成分及公路线路的精细化统计。以辽宁省路网和G102国道为例，给出区域公路网和公路线路的货运量统计结果。最后，以高速公路为统计对象，与计费数据获得的货运量对比，验证基于交调数据统计方法的准确性。结果显示，交调融合法的货运量统计误差为11.5%。对比2种方法，交调融合法具有更广泛的适用性和更高的灵活性，为中国公路运输统计现代化发展提供了技术方法，同时探索了利用设备检测数据和人工调查数据嵌套分析解决工程问题的方法。     

“日野”EF100发动机烧瓦的原因

“日野”ＨＨ４４０车是一种操纵灵活轻便，视野宽阔，速度较高的４０ｔ半挂拖车。该车使用的是ＥＦ１００型八缸Ｖ型水冷四冲程柴油发动机，发动机经过几次大修，烧瓦后再修复，常常行驶不了几十公里甚至没下热磨合试验台，就出现烧瓦现象，产生此故障既有使用上的原因，又有修理上的原因，在分析故障原因的基础上，提出了正确的修理方法。     

公路桥梁活载模式研究

对现行中国、美国、英国、加拿大、欧洲公路桥梁规范中的汽车荷载标准进行分析研究。结合不同跨径的连续梁,通过建立有限元模型,对各规范汽车荷载产生的内力响应进行计算分析,并将汽车荷载效应与恒载效应进行组合,得出各种荷载效应的比例系数。计算结果显示:各公路桥梁规范的汽车荷载在取值、布置形式以及计算系数等方面均存在较大的差异,在所研究的连续梁跨度范围内,英国BS 5400规范的活载效应值最大,但是组合后的总效应各规范基本处于同一水平。     

基于车流结构的计重收费可变附加值模型研究

计重收费是一种最主要的货车收费形式。为了分析货车流对公路交通的影响,均衡货车交通量的时空分布,需对传统计重收费方式进行优化。分析车流结构对公路使用寿命、通行能力、交通安全的影响,建立可变附加值模型,并分别对按车型收费、轮轴收费、计重收费、可变附加值计重收费4种方式在不同车流结构或货车总质量下的100km收费额度进行对比分析。分析表明,若按车型收费,在货车总质量和流量较小的情况下适用性较好;而按可变附加值计重收费则可更加合理地反映货车对道路及交通流的影响。     

奔驰卡车:寻找挑战自我的乐趣

目前,我国很多大型物流公司在车队管理上都采用车辆即时跟踪系统。根据车辆仪表显示的数据对驾驶员进行管理。这就对记录车辆行驶数据的准确性提出了很高的要求。因为,很多驾驶员不认同车辆仪表显示的数据,认为这些     

基于运力均衡与价格弹性的公路货运量预测方法研究

针对传统公路货运量预测中不考虑货运供给特征和货运需求量结构性变化的不足,提出了通过分轮轴类型的交通量调查和轴载谱调查,获取基年车辆装载量概率密度分布函数,使用主流车型的短期平均运输成本拟合得到车辆长期平均运输成本函数,根据运力均衡的思想和货运需求价格弹性模型对计划年分批量的公路货运需求量进行修正,在此基础上建立外部环境变化时计划年公路货运量的预测模型.     

铰接车辆电涡流缓速器联合制动系统研究

提出利用联合制动系统将电涡流缓速器应用到铰接车辆上的方法。联合制动系统由拖车上的电涡流缓速器和挂车电控制动系统组成,二者在ECU控制下可以保证拖车与挂车制动力的合理分配以及对拖车及挂车的制动实施时间进行干预。采用该系统还可以减少铰接车辆行驶中某些事故的发生。     

Ride Vibration Measurements of Agricultural Tractor and Trailer Combinations

Tractor ride vibration levels have been measured when operating with and without a two wheel (2W) unbalanced and a four wheel (4W) balanced trailer. Measurements were made in the vertical, pitch, longitudinal and roll directions with the trailers unladen and laden over four typical farm surfaces

The results showed that tractor ride vibration levels were usually increased in all directions-particularly the longitudinal direction- when operating with the laden trailers. But for the unladen trailers, they were increased only in the longitudinal direction. Predominant tractor frequencies tended to be lower with the trailers attached, and coupling between the tractor longitudinal, vertical, roll and pitch co-ordinates was generally increased

Comparisons of the results with the trends predicted by a simplified theoretical model of a tractor and 2W trailer, suggested that the model should be extended to include, (a) the roll direction, (b) more realistic ground inputs, and (c) a 4W trailer     

Active roll control for rollover prevention of heavy articulated vehicles with multiple-rollover-index minimisation

This paper presents the application of a nominal control design algorithm for rollover prevention of heavy articulated vehicles with active anti-roll-bar control. This proposed methodology is based on an extension of linear quadratic regulator control for ‘state derivative-induced (control coupled) output regulation’ problems. For heavy articulated vehicles with multiple axles, a performance index with multiple rollover indices is proposed. The proposed methodology allows us to compare the usefulness of various control configurations (i.e. actuators at different axles of the vehicle) based on the interaction of this control configuration with vehicle dynamics. Application of this methodology to a specific heavy articulated vehicle with a tractor semi-trailer shows that a single active anti-roll-bar system at the trailer unit gives better performance than multiple-axle actuators at tractor and trailer together with the single lane change manoeuvre as the external disturbance. Thus, the proposed methodology of this paper not only highlights the importance of the interactions between control and vehicle dynamics in rollover prevention problems but, in fact, proposes a novel technique to exploit the benefits of these interactions judiciously.     

High-speed optimal steering of a tractor–semitrailer

A high-speed optimal trailer steering controller for a tractor–semitrailer is discussed. A linear model of a tractor–semitrailer with steered trailer axles is described, and an optimal trailer steering controller is introduced. A path-following controller is derived to minimise the path-tracking error in steady-state manoeuvres using active trailer steering. A roll stability controller is introduced by adding the lateral acceleration of trailer centre of gravity as another objective in the steering controller, so as to improve roll stability in transient manoeuvres. A strategy to switch between these two control modes is demonstrated. Simulation results show that the steering controller can ensure good path tracking of articulated vehicles in steady-state manoeuvres and improve roll stability significantly in transient manoeuvres, while maintaining the path-tracking deviation within an acceptable range. Tests with an experimental tractor–semitrailer equipped with a high-bandwidth active steering system validate the controller design and simulation results. The roll stability controller reduces the measured rearward amplification by 27%.     

Failure mode and effects analysis of dual levelling valve airspring suspensions on truck dynamics

Failure mode and effects analysis are performed for a dual levelling valve pneumatic suspension to determine the effect of suspension failure on tractor–semi-trailer dynamics, using a detailed model of suspension pneumatics coupled with a truck dynamic model. A key element of failure analysis in suspensions with one or two levelling valves is determining the effect on the vehicle body roll when one or more failures occur. The failure modes considered are mainly the suspension pneumatic components, including clogged levelling valve, bent control rod, disabled lever arm, and punctured or leaking connectors and pipes. The pneumatic suspension is modelled in AMESim, with critical parameters established through component testing. Upon validating the AMESim component model experimentally, the pneumatic suspension model is integrated into TruckSim for studying the consequences of suspension failure on truck dynamics. The simulation results indicate that the second levelling valve in a dual-valve arrangement brings a certain amount of failure redundancy to the system, in the sense that when one side fails, the other side can compensate for the failure. Equipping the trailer with dual levelling valves brings an additional stabilising effect to the vehicle in the event of tractor suspension failure.     

A Qualitative Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Steering Locomotive Trucks

The primary purpose of this study is to provide a qualitative analysis of the dynamics of the self-steering trucks that are commonly used for freight locomotives – namely, EMD's Radial Truck and GE's Steerable Truck – on improving curving performance and increasing adhesion in curves. Although there exists a number of anecdotal statements on the ability of steerable trucks to reduce curving forces and increase adhesion in curves, to the best of our knowledge, there exists no study that provides a qualitative or quantitative analysis of these features of steerable trucks. Two aspects of locomotive trucks are essential for their ability to deliver small curving forces and high adhesion in curves. First, the ability to allow the axles to yaw sufficiently relative to the truck frames, such that they can hold a small angle of attack with the rail. Second, providing sufficiently large longitudinal stiffness between the end axles and the axles and truck frame, to accommodate high adhesions. An equivalent stiffness analysis is used to show that the two steerable trucks that are considered for this study are far superior to conventional, three-axle, straight trucks in providing both a smaller angle of attack and a higher longitudinal stiffness for better curving and adhesion characteristics. The qualitative analysis of this study agrees with the experience the railroads have had with their self-steering trucks. The findings of this study indicate that self-steering trucks can result in lower lateral forces, accommodate tighter curves, and deliver higher adhesion in curves; without lowering the critical hunting speed of the locomotive. The results further show that the steering mechanism stiffness can have a large effect on the lateral, longitudinal, and yaw stiffness between the end axles; therefore, significantly lowering curving forces, and increasing adhesion and critical hunting speed of the truck.     

Ride Vibration Measurements of Agricultural Tractor and Trailer Combinations

SUMMARY

Tractor ride vibration levels have been measured when operating with and without a two wheel (2W) unbalanced and a four wheel (4W) balanced trailer. Measurements were made in the vertical, pitch, longitudinal and roll directions with the trailers unladen and laden over four typical farm surfaces

The results showed that tractor ride vibration levels were usually increased in all directions-particularly the longitudinal direction- when operating with the laden trailers. But for the unladen trailers, they were increased only in the longitudinal direction. Predominant tractor frequencies tended to be lower with the trailers attached, and coupling between the tractor longitudinal, vertical, roll and pitch co-ordinates was generally increased

Comparisons of the results with the trends predicted by a simplified theoretical model of a tractor and 2W trailer, suggested that the model should be extended to include, (a) the roll direction, (b) more realistic ground inputs, and (c) a 4W trailer