海底输气管道泄漏风险定量分析

由于海底管道工作环境的恶劣性，其失效概率较高，一旦发生泄漏事故，后果严重．本文以某一海洋平台周围海底输气管道为背景，运用海洋工程领域风险评估软件NEPTUNE对不同破损情况下天然气泄漏扩散的情况进行了模拟，计算了泄漏气体点燃概率，预测了泄漏天然气爆炸事故的危害半径，其分析结果对海底管道油气泄漏扩散范围的预测及油气点燃概率计算方法的研究具有一定的参考作用．     

海洋平台生活楼板架结构抗爆性能简化预报方法

海洋平台易发生油气泄露引发爆炸事故,进而造成结构损伤、设备损毁以及人员伤亡事故。生活楼是海洋平台上作业人员的生活区及极端环境下的避难场所,其结构在设计过程中应考虑油气爆炸载荷作用下的安全性问题。本文以某海洋平台生活楼板架结构为研究对象,基于单自由度理论研究求解结构等效单自由度系统在油气爆炸载荷下的结构响应解析式,并绘制响应曲线。通过与数值仿真分析进行对比分析,验证了理论分析结果的可靠性。本文研究成果可有效指导海洋平台结构抗爆设计。     

油气爆炸下海洋平台抗爆结构型式数值仿真

海洋平台作为人们开发利用海洋资源的重要基础设施,在其服役期间,常会遭到油气泄漏而引起的爆炸冲击破坏,因此对海洋平台结构进行爆炸载荷下的动态响应分析及抗爆研究十分必要。本文以某海洋平台燃油舱的围壁为研究对象,对其分别进行波纹板和夹层板结构设计。使用非线性瞬态动力学分析软件MSC.Dytran对不同结构型式舱壁下燃油舱的吸能情况进行数值对比研究,从而获得抗爆效果较好的海洋平台舱壁抗爆结构。     

海工装置应设置安全使用年限——中国船舶设计大师赵耕贤

随着海洋油气开发的不断延伸．人类在利用、开发海洋的同时，海洋结构物的安全问题被广泛关注。一起起灾难性的钻采平台爆炸、沉没事故．引发了大量原油泄漏．对海洋环境究其原因大都是操作过程中的失控海洋生物、海洋生态造成严重破坏。以及不可抗拒的自然因素．导致出现海底滑坡．而引发颠覆及油气泄漏事故。     

基于风险的舰船火灾爆炸评估方法研究

对目前基于风险的舰船火灾、爆炸风险评估方法进行了讨论和归纳.对如何进行舰船火灾、爆炸事故的危险源辨识进行了分析,并对该类事故危险源进行了归类.提出了舰船火灾、爆炸事故风险接受准则确立的建议,并将FTA法应用于舰船火灾、爆炸事故评估,构造了整个事故的故障树以及研究框图.从风险的角度评估及减少舰船火灾、爆炸事故提出了建议,指出了舰船火灾爆炸事故研究的方向.     

FPSO上部模块爆炸场景模拟研究

为避免浮式生产储油卸油平台(Floating Praduction Storage and Offloading, FPSO)上部油气处理模块内部的油气处理管路设备泄漏后发生爆炸事故，采用FLACS软件对符合实际工作环境孔隙率的FPSO的油气处理模块进行三维建模，分别选取6种点火位置进行可燃气体爆炸的模拟，研究甲烷气体云在不同的点火位置时发生爆炸事故后果的影响。研究结果表明：气体云爆炸的点火位置位于结构中心时，爆炸超压产生的数值最大，且覆盖范围最广；爆炸对于第一层甲板的影响较小，且结构中心处的爆炸超压小于结构外侧的爆炸超压。     

柴油—LNG动力船舶燃料加注燃爆风险分析预测

将液化天然气(LNG)用作船用燃料,可降低运输成本,且节能环保。但在生产及储运过程中存在火灾爆炸的风险。本文着重对LNG双燃料动力船舶加注过程的风险进行了分析。运用事故树分析方法,对加注过程中的风险进行识别并进行定性分析;根据泄漏概率和相关统计公式求得了燃料加注过程中管系发生泄漏的概率;对加注过程发生泄漏事故的后果进行了预测,包括利用高斯模型对加注过程管系泄漏事故时可燃气体浓度在5%-15%的半径范围进行预测,运用池火模型计算加注过程LNG 泄漏形成池火的热辐射危险距离;采用TNT当量法和超压准则对加注过程气罐泄漏发生蒸气云爆炸的危害范围进行预测。     

内河水域LNG运输船泄漏事故的定量风险评估

通过PHAST风险分析软件,结合我国内河水域的实际情况,对内河薄膜型LNG运输船发生典型的泄漏扩散及火灾爆炸事故后果影响进行了定量的计算和影响分析.结果表明:25 mm孔径泄漏并发生火灾爆炸事故时,火灾模型主要表现为喷射火,爆炸事故的最大影响半径为225 m.100 mm孔径泄漏还会引发池火灾,其半径达到了25 m,爆炸事故的最大影响半径为800 m.研究数据为内河LNG的安全运输以及内河LNG接收站的安全设计提供参考.     

美国海军潜艇舱室液压系统泄漏火灾风险研究进展

本文针对潜艇舱室液压油泄漏后的火灾风险研究,概述了美国海军所开展的一系列研究工作。为开展这项专项研究,美国利用根据核潜艇艏部舱室搭建的“沙德威尔/688”测试平台,对火灾、爆炸和其它相关风险进行了试验研究,取得大量成果,同时基于实测数据验证了针对性开发的潜艇舱室火灾预测软件的准确性。文章结合我国该领域的研究进展,指出液压油泄漏火灾风险控制思路和未来发展方向。相关研究对我国开展潜艇及其它船舶和密闭环境火灾风险控制研究具有指导意义。     

内河LNG动力船机舱NG泄漏爆炸对人员的损伤后果

为评估液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)动力船机舱内气体燃料泄漏和气云爆炸后果和对机舱内人员的损伤程度,对三维计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)工具Fluidyn的可靠性进行验证,建立典型内河LNG动力船机舱模型,通过数值模拟研究不同情境下机舱内气体燃料泄漏事故和爆炸事故后果,结合相关损伤准则研究事故后果对机舱内人员的损伤程度。研究结果表明:小流量持续泄漏情境下,机舱内局部小空间内形成可燃爆气云,燃料最大积聚量小于1 kg,气云爆炸后果对机舱内人员无损害风险;大流量泄漏情境下机舱内可燃气云体积迅速增加,泄漏持续30 s和60 s时,燃料积聚量可分别超过3 kg和5 kg,气云爆炸可导致机舱内人员损伤程度为重伤或死亡。     

Improving the coexistence of offshore wind farms and shipping: an international comparison of navigational risk assessment processes

The continued growth and evolution of the offshore wind industry, and the emergence of other novel marine uses such as wave and tidal generators, have upped the ante for spatial planners, as well as consenting and approval authorities in various coastal states. These stakeholders rely on processes such as navigational risk assessments (NRAs) to balance safety and efficiency requirements and to make optimal decisions over use of space. Given the increasingly complex and crowded seascape, however, there are some apprehensions about potential shortcomings in these NRA processes. There is also some concern that these inadequacies may lead to unsafe or inefficient marine spatial use. To understand how NRA processes can be improved further, a literature review is conducted, followed by a survey of respondents who are involved in the planning, consenting and/or approval of offshore wind farms across seven different countries. A summary of the NRA processes in these seven countries is presented, and several shortcomings are identified. Based on the findings of the survey, a list of recommendations is presented to enhance existing NRA processes—and to improve the coexistence of shipping and offshore wind farms (OWFs).     

海上钻井平台风险及配员分析

海上钻井平台高效、安全地运营离不开一批具备专业素质的平台操作人员.分析海上钻井平台安全作业风险,综合分析相应人员配置及要求,提出平台主要人员岗位职责、任职资格和培训建议,为海上钻井平台安全作业提供保障.     

海洋油气设施完整性管理产业的探索

随着海上油气资源的开发,其风险管控与安全管理日益重要,海洋油气设施完整性管理产业应运而生。海洋油气设施完整性管理产业作为一个崭新的行业,不仅需要良好的技术支撑,更需要先进的管理理念来保证这一行业的形成和发展。本文旨在分析海洋油气产业风险管控与安全管理形势的基础上,通过引进项目管理理论与企业管理理念、结合海洋油气产业的已有管理理念,对这一新兴产业的管理策略、生产组织形式等进行基本的探索研究。     

采用自动识别系统对水下输气管线、离岸平台和船舶检验评分的实时监测（英文）

The aim of this research is to develop an algorithm and application that can perform real-time monitoring of the safety operation of offshore platforms and subsea gas pipelines as well as determine the need for ship inspection using data obtained from automatic identification system(AIS). The research also focuses on the integration of shipping database,AIS data, and others to develop a prototype for designing a real-time monitoring system of offshore platforms and pipelines. A simple concept is used in the development of this prototype, which is achieved by using an overlaying map that outlines the coordinates of the offshore platform and subsea gas pipeline with the ship's coordinates(longitude/latitude) as detected by AIS. Using such information, we can then build an early warning system(EWS) relayed through short message service(SMS), email, or other means when the ship enters the restricted and exclusion zone of platforms and pipelines. The ship inspection system is developed by combining several attributes. Then, decision analysis software is employed to prioritize the vessel's four attributes, including ship age, ship type, classification, and flag state.Results show that the EWS can increase the safety level of offshore platforms and pipelines, as well as the efficient use of patrol boats in monitoring the safety of the facilities. Meanwhile, ship inspection enables the port to prioritize the ship to be inspected in accordance with the priority ranking inspection score.     

Active response control of an offshore structure under wave loads using a modified probabilistic neural network

Offshore structures are subjected to wave, wind, and earthquake loads. The failure of offshore structures can cause sea pollution as well as loss of property and life. Therefore, the safety of such structures is an important issue. The reduction of the dynamic response of an offshore structure subjected to wind-generated random ocean waves is another critical problem with regard to the serviceability, fatigue life, and safety of the structure. In this article, the responses of offshore structures under random ocean waves are controlled using a modified probabilistic neural network (MPNN). As a more advanced method, it uses the global probability density function (PDF) produced by summing the heterogeneous local PDFs automatically determined from the individual standard deviation of each variable. The state vectors in a state-space model of a structure and the resulting control forces made by a linear quadratic regulator algorithm were used to generate the training patterns for the MPNN and a conventional multilayer perceptron (MLP). The results were compared with those produced by back-propagation based on the MLP. The proposed MPNN method shows good results not only in controlling the responses but also in terms of the computation time.     

Real-time Monitoring of Subsea Gas Pipelines,Offshore Platforms,and Ship Inspection Scores Using an Automatic Identification System

The aim of this research is to develop an algorithm and application that can perform real-time monitoring of the safety operation of offshore platforms and subsea gas pipelines as well as determine the need for ship inspection using data obtained from automatic identification system (AIS). The research also focuses on the integration of shipping database, AIS data, and others to develop a prototype for designing a real-time monitoring system of offshore platforms and pipelines. A simple concept is used in the development of this prototype, which is achieved by using an overlaying map that outlines the coordinates of the offshore platform and subsea gas pipeline with the ship’s coordinates (longitude/latitude) as detected by AIS. Using such information, we can then build an early warning system (EWS) relayed through short message service (SMS), email, or other means when the ship enters the restricted and exclusion zone of platforms and pipelines. The ship inspection system is developed by combining several attributes. Then, decision analysis software is employed to prioritize the vessel’s four attributes, including ship age, ship type, classification, and flag state. Results show that the EWS can increase the safety level of offshore platforms and pipelines, as well as the efficient use of patrol boats in monitoring the safety of the facilities. Meanwhile, ship inspection enables the port to prioritize the ship to be inspected in accordance with the priority ranking inspection score.     

海上人员传送技术及维修船运动响应研究

随着众多大型风场陆续建成,海上风场维护问题日益突出。海上风场多选址于强风浅水海域,恶劣的海况导致维修船运动剧烈,维修人员登陆十分困难。目前国外已有研究单位针对海上风场的人员登陆问题开展研究,开发登陆船或登陆系统,旨在确保维修人员安全登陆风机。而我国关于此方面的研究几乎空白。基于此情况,文章对已有登陆系统进行了归纳总结,并通过多体水动力的算例探究登陆风机时维修船的运动规律。通过文中的研究,可以得到结论:(1)有义波高仍是限制登陆系统工作和维修人员登陆的主要因素,其决定了海上维修的有效期窗口,我们国家有必要开发新技术和新系统来保证人员登陆风机。(2)不同波浪谱对维修船运动响应的影响不可忽视,在实际工程中有必要根据海上风场的实际海况,选择合适的双峰谱来预报维修船的运动响应。(3)风机桩基础的存在与否对维修船的耐波性有影响,需要在水动力分析中考虑;但当二者间的相对距离在若干米内时,耐波性受此距离影响不大。     

海上风机大直径单桩双钩翻身技术

中国海上风电是绿色能源的重要一支,现已进入大规模发展阶段,其中大直径无过渡段单桩是国内海上风电场主流基础形式。为高效、安全的进行大直径单桩施工,本文通过研究一种单台起重机双钩空中翻身的技术,采用左右大张角双钩起重机、大吨位吊梁、翻桩夹具等手段,在仅需一台大型起重设备的情况,完成了大直径单桩的翻身起重作业,提高了施工效率,降低海上风电场建造成本和安全风险。     

大型海洋平台建造总体合拢技术

概述可用于建造大型海洋平台的总体合拢技术,包括分段吊装合拢、巨型总段合拢、提升+滑移合拢、顶升+滑移合拢、提升+漂浮合拢、浮吊吊装合拢及浮托式合拢。从经济性、安全性和施工周期等角度,分析各项总体合拢技术的优缺点及适用范围,列举应用各项技术完成的国内外经典工程案例。研究结果可为造船企业建造类似海洋结构物提供参考。     

Allision risk analysis of offshore petroleum installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf—an empirical study of vessel traffic patterns

The Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) requires offshore petroleum operators on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) to perform risk assessments of impacts (allisions) between passing ships and offshore installations. These risk assessments provide a basis for defining the allision accidental load that the installation shall be designed for. Even though the risk of allision is small, the potential consequences can be catastrophic. In a worst-case scenario, an allision may result in the total loss of an installation. The ageing industry standard allision risk model, COLLIDE, calculates the risk of impacts between passing (non-field-related) ships and installations based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Both the COLLIDE risk model and a new Bayesian allision risk model currently under development are highly sensitive to variations in vessels’ passing distances, especially close proximity passings. Allision risk assessments are typically performed during the design and development phase of an installation, which means that historical AIS data are used “as is”, disregarding future changes to the traffic pattern when the new installation is placed on a location. This article presents an empirical study of one of the most important variables used to calculate the risk of allision from passing vessels, namely passing distance. The study shows that merchant vessels alter course to achieve a safe passing distance to new surface offshore petroleum installations. This indicates that the results of current allision risk assessments are overly conservative.