船体建造板材套料系统排样优化过程中的图形预处理

讨论了船体建造板材套料系统排样优化过程中的图形预处理.不规则零件图形的预处理过程,可以大大简化排样过程并能有效的改善排样结果、提高板材的利用率.     

弹药运输包装试验存在问题及解决措施

阐述了弹药运输包装的概念、功能和运输性试验的要求,分析了运输性试验中存在的问题,对弹药运输包装试验提出了:积极适应形势发展,大力发展新型包装材料;准确掌握试验时间,避免包装材料浪费;明确试验项目,提高试验报告质量;选择正确试验单位,做出合格试验报告等几点建议。为弹药包装在定型时更好的适应运输性试验提供参考。     

Experimental study on frictional and sealing performances of packing rings in an oil-free gas compressor

To enhance the reliability and to extend service life of packing rings, tribological and sealing performances are investigated based on the experimental results. Friction force, leakage rate and power consumption of three materials of pressure packing seals are measured in a refitted vertical gas compressor. The rings are made of common filled polytetrafluroethylene (Filled PTFE), PTFE reinforced with 30% mass fraction carbon fiber (30%CF+PTFE), and carbon-carbon composites infiltrated with PTFE (C/C+PTFE), respectively. It is found that packing rings will periodically vibrate with the periodic vibration of pressure packing after the travel direction of motion abruptly turns to the reverse direction. Furthermore, the amplitude of vibration slows down with the increasing crank angle. Approximate value of friction force is available by multiple-point fast Fourier transformation (FFT) employed to process the experimental results by reducing the impact of vibration to a great extent. Of three materials of rings employed in experiments, Filled PTFE presents minimal leakage rate accompanied with maximum power consumption. And 30%CF+PTFE exhibits minimum friction power and moderate leakage rate. As for C/C+PTFE, its high mechanical and thermal properties are favorable factors to enhance the ability of operating under high pressure and velocity and to improve the wear resistance. Unfortunately, this also leads to a large leakage rate. Comprehensive consideration should be taken into to evaluate the availability, reliability and service life for a type of packing ring under dry running conditions.     

Microstructure evolution during remelting of high solid fraction ZL101 alloy

This work deals with the reheating process for semi-solid thixoforming of ZL101 (AlSi7Mg) alloy. The semi-solid state can decrease the viscosity and the resistance while sheared because of the evolutional behavior, which is characterized by a solid-like behavior at rest and a liquid flow during shearing. The microstructure evolution of ZL101 alloy at different temperatures from 540 to 580 °C has been studied. Results show that the eutectic temperature can affect the transformation speed of semi-solid structure. Semi-solid microstructures with high solid fraction can be obtained by controlling the reheating time in less than 20min, while at the temperature lower than the eutectic temperature it needs more than one hour. Another character of semi-solid ZL101 alloy is the segregation of microstructures in semi-solid state, in which the liquid phase between the solid phases can flow freely and lead to the shrinkage of the sample during the heating process. As the holding time goes on, more shrinkage holes appear and change the surface of the specimen. These shrinkage holes are replenished by the liquid phase during compression deformation, resulting in the segregation of the components.     

消费市场技术变动与现代包装设计的发展

随着现代消费理念、包装目的、包装材料与技术手段的变化,现代包装设计形式与内涵也大大地扩展了。但包装设计不能盲目地追随市场,应理智地沿着可持续的方向发展。     

Two Bandwidth Packing Algorithms for the Centralized Wireless Network and Their Average-case Analysis

This paper presents a detail analysis of two bandwidth packing algorithms, used for processing connection requests in the centralized wireless network. Each call comes with a specific bandwidth request. A request can be satisfied only if there is sufficient bandwidth available during resource scheduling and allocation. Unsatisfied requests were held in a queue. The metric of bandwidth utilization ratio was used to quantify the performance of our algorithms. By theoretical analysis, our algorithms can improve the average bandwidth usage ratio significantly, about 8%~10% without adding much computation complexity. Moreover, our algorithms outperform next fit with fragmentation (NFF) algorithm when the bandwidth resource is scarce. In this paper, the contributions follows: Introducing bandwidth packing problem into wireless network; Proposing two new bandwidth packing algorithms for wireless network where the complicate scheduling algorithms are prohibited; Studying the average performance of our algorithms mathematically, which agree well with the simulation results.     

集装箱码头送箱集卡预约与场桥调度协同优化

针对送箱集卡随机到港引起的场桥作业不均衡,以及高峰时段场桥资源紧缺、集装箱码头拥堵等问题,构建送箱集卡预约与场桥调度协同优化的二层规划模型.上层目标为集卡在闸口的排队等待时间、预约集港导致集港时段调整的集卡数及所有预约时段未完成作业量所需的场桥时间最小,下层目标为每个预约时段未完成作业量所需的场桥时间最小.设计并行遗传算法求解模型,并以天津东方海陆集装箱码头为例进行算例分析.结果表明,预约集港能够降低集卡在闸口的排队等待时间,且送箱集卡预约和场桥调度的协同优化比独立决策更有利于提高集港效率.     

基于CAE的汽车水箱盖注射成型工艺研究

为了提高汽车水箱盖的成型质量和效率,对其壳件进行了工艺性分析,运用UG软件进行了注射模的设计。同时运用Moldflow软件对浇口位置充模、流动、冷却等方面进行模拟分析,确定了最佳浇口位置和对模具结构设计进行了优化。研究结果表明,运用Moldflow软件对汽车水箱盖进行注射成型,缩短了模具的设计周期、降低了成本,提高了设计质量。     

Experimental simulation on dynamic variation of the permeability of high-rank coal reservoirs

In terms of the coal reservoir permeability of effective stress, coal matrix shrinkage and gas slippage, we conduct the tests of gas permeability under constant confining pressure and effective stress, as well as illustrate the cumulating method of permeability increment caused by the effects of gas slippage and coal matrix shrinkage. The results show that under the constant confining pressure, gas slippage affecting coal permeability changes to effective stress affecting it mainly. The change point increases with the increase of the confining pressure. The gas slippage effect leads to high permeability under low confining pressure, but coal matrix expansion results in the low value as confining and gas pressures increase. Combined with the drainage process of coalbed methane (CBM) well, the permeability is divided into four change stages based on the above analysis about the three effects, which can improve the change regulation understanding. Four stages are the downward phase under effective stress, the conversion phase of effective stress-coal matrix contraction effect (mainly based on effective stress), the rising stage of the effective stress-coal matrix contraction effect (mainly based on coal matrix contraction effect) and the rising phase of coal matrix contraction-slippage effect (mainly based on slippage effect). Permeability of coal reservoir during the process of drainage and production goes through four stages.     

密封用填充改性PTFE的研究及应用

PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)的填充改性是近年来研究较多的项目。本文介绍了采用模压烧结工艺制备玻璃纤维和石墨改性的PTFE动态密封材料,并对其拉伸强度、压缩回弹性能和摩擦、磨损性能及耐磨机理做了系统的研究分析,结果表明,该密封材料具备较好的抗拉强度、优异的压缩回弹性能和较好的耐磨损性能,可用于对耐磨耗性、耐温性能要求较高的动态密封场合,具有广阔的应用前景。     

粗集料UHPC收缩与力学性能

为降低超高性能混凝土(UHPC)收缩和开裂风险, 进行了5组不同粗集料掺量(质量分数分别为0、12.5%、22.5%、32.5%和42.5%)的UHPC的自收缩、基本材性(抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量)、集料级配和圆环约束收缩等试验, 分析了粗集料掺量和集料级配对UHPC自收缩和基本材性的影响, 并采用提出的收缩开裂应力相对差值评价粗集料的掺入对UHPC收缩开裂的影响; 进行了有、无粗集料UHPC在圆环约束下的开裂性能试验与对比分析, 验证粗集料掺入对减小UHPC收缩开裂的有效性, 并给出UHPC中粗集料掺量和最大粒径限制的建议。研究结果表明: 随着粗集料掺量的增加, UHPC早期自收缩量降低, 最大降幅近20%;粗集料对UHPC的弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度等的影响程度与其掺量和级配有关, 当粗集料掺量为22.5%时, 其级配曲线几乎全部处于富勒氏与泰勃特曲线范围内, 是5组材料中堆积最紧密的一组, 对UHPC弹性模量与抗压强度提高最为显著, 对抗拉强度的降低幅度影响最小; 当粗集料掺量为22.5%时, UHPC收缩开裂应力相对差值最大为1.31 MPa, 为试验中的最合理掺量, 可有效降低收缩开裂风险; 与未掺粗集料的UHPC相比, 圆环约束下掺有22.5%粗集料的UHPC的残余应力与拉应力水平分别降低15.8%和14.7%, 其抗裂性能得到提高; 建议对粗集料UHPC进行紧密堆积设计以获得尽可能优的材性, 对掺有长度为12~20 mm钢纤维的UHPC, 其集料的最大粒径可放宽至9.5 mm。      

基于单毛坯条带的矩形件最优两段排样方式

对大规模矩形件排样问题提出一种精确、可生成一种新的满足剪冲下料工艺需求的排样方式：基于单毛坯条带的矩形件最优两段排样方式．采用动态规划算法生成最优单毛坯条带,通过一维背包算法确定条带在级中的排样方式和级在段中的最优排样方式,选择最优的两个段组成排样方式．对传统文献中的43道大规模基准测题进行计算,有38道测题达到最优,剩余5道测题的优化结果与最优化结果的比率达到99．9％,每题的平均计算时间仅用2．17s．结果表明,本文算法优于经典两段和著名的T型排样算法,在解决大规模矩形件排样具有高效性．     

Moldflow／MPI在塑料注射成型过程中的应用

介绍了热塑性塑料注射成型过程中,使用Moldflow软件对塑件的成型过程进行模拟分析,确定了浇口位置、充填时间、锁模力情况。分析结果对模具设计及塑件注射成型工艺具有指导作用。     

超高性能混凝土收缩综述

分析了超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的收缩特性及其随时间发展的一般规律, 总结了材料组成、养护制度与内部温湿度场对UHPC收缩的影响。研究结果表明: UHPC收缩早期(0~7 d)发展快, 占总收缩的61.3%~86.5%, 中期(7~28 d)发展缓慢, 占总收缩的13.5%~27.9%, 后期(28 d后)趋于稳定; UHPC以自收缩为主, 占总收缩的78.6%~90.0%, 是早期开裂的主要诱因; 收缩测试起始时间可取试件成型后1 d(24 h), 终止时间可取90 d或120 d; 在结构设计时, 可参考各国规范取收缩为500~800 με, 热养护后可不考虑残余收缩; 对于收缩预测模型, 各国规范尚未统一, 多借鉴现有的收缩模型, 应完善与修正收缩预测模型; 对于材料组成, 目前集中于纤维、矿物掺合料的种类和掺量对收缩的定量影响, 且各组分对收缩的影响不同, 评价指标较为单一, 应结合结构用途、制备工艺与施工过程等进行综合评价; 对于内部温度与湿度场, 研究对象主要集中于28 d后的普通混凝土与高强高性能混凝土, 应深入研究胶凝材料含量大、组分差异性明显、活性矿物掺合料掺量高的UHPC早期内部温度与湿度场; 为了降低收缩, 基本采用内养护, 添加膨胀剂、减缩剂与粗骨料等措施。可见: 为了减小UHPC收缩的同时又不降低其力学性能, 应该优化UHPC配比, 合理使用外加剂, 采取适当养护制度等措施。      

带二维装箱约束的客货滚装船配载决策

客货滚装船长期处于人工配载状态,其独特性导致其无法直接采用已有滚装船配载方法.为提高客货滚装港口配载的决策水平,针对配载过程的两阶段和二维装箱特性,以船舱面积利用率最大为目标,构建客货滚装船配载决策模型.为实现大规模求解,设计偏随机密钥混合遗传算法求解,算法由多阶段启发式嵌入偏随机密钥遗传算法构成.多阶段启发式首先通过首层配载、主体配载和补充配载三段启发式完成初始解构造,其次采用横纵倾优化策略调整船舶稳性.算例研究表明,偏随机密钥混合遗传算法表现良好,且在大规模应用实验中鲁棒性较好,可实现客货滚装船的有效配载.     

带二维装箱约束的客货滚装船配载决策

客货滚装船长期处于人工配载状态，其独特性导致其无法直接采用已有滚装船配载方法.为提高客货滚装港口配载的决策水平，针对配载过程的两阶段和二维装箱特性，以船舱面积利用率最大为目标，构建客货滚装船配载决策模型.为实现大规模求解，设计偏随机密钥混合遗传算法求解，算法由多阶段启发式嵌入偏随机密钥遗传算法构成.多阶段启发式首先通过首层配载、主体配载和补充配载三段启发式完成初始解构造，其次采用横纵倾优化策略调整船舶稳性.算例研究表明，偏随机密钥混合遗传算法表现良好，且在大规模应用实验中鲁棒性较好，可实现客货滚装船的有效配载.     

预裂型水泥稳定碎石强度与温缩特性机理仿真

针对水泥稳定碎石材料易产生裂缝,从而降低路面使用寿命这一问题,基于粗集料预处治技术提出了一种预裂型水泥稳定碎石材料改良思路;通过对水泥稳定碎石中一定比例的粗集料进行预处治,使其表面裹附一层新的物质,从而形成新的界面,分散了收缩过程中降低开裂对材料整体均一性的影响,继而仿真分析了这种新型材料的强度特征和温度收缩裂缝发展的内部机理;基于离散单元法建立了预裂型水泥稳定碎石仿真模型,并分别开展了虚拟无侧限压缩试验和有限制梁温度收缩开裂试验。研究结果表明:在假设预处治粗集料仅影响粗集料界面强度的前提下,试件的无侧限抗压强度与界面强度比和预处治粗集料替换比这2个关键参数之间呈现出良好的线性相关性,可通过回归公式进行计算与预测;当界面强度比大于40%时,预处治粗集料替换比的增加仅会降低材料的强度而不能避免局部贯穿裂缝的产生;当界面强度比小于40%时,随着预处治粗集料占比的增加,试件在收缩过程中产生的裂缝由局部贯穿宽裂缝转变为均匀分布的微裂缝,从而保证了材料在收缩开裂后的整体均一性;当界面强度衰减至未处治材料的30%以下,且预处治粗集料替换比大于30%时,可有效减少试件内部贯穿裂缝的产生,从而缓解了水泥稳定碎石的温缩开裂。      

带时间窗的多行程交换箱甩挂路径优化

针对市区-近郊的同城物流配送系统,为尽可能降低物流运输成本的同时提高客户满意度,研究带时间窗的具有多行程的交换箱甩挂运输问题. 在配送系统中,配送车辆从配送中心出发将货物运往各个客户点,由于道路条件的限制,客户点分为只允许小型卡车配送的限制点客户和卡车或带交换箱拖车的整车都可为其配送的灵活点客户. 在客户时间窗和多行程的约束条件下,建立以成本最小为优化目标的基于交换箱甩挂的路径优化模型,提出装箱算法与遗传算法混合的启发式求解算法. 算例验证了所提出算法的有效性,为带交换箱的甩挂车进行物流配送提供一定的决策指导和参考意见.     

YN-砼路面非焦油聚氨酯填缝胶的应用

通过对YN-砼路面非焦油聚氨酯填缝胶的特点、工作原理进行分析，提出采用聚氨酯填缝胶对砼路面接缝密封处理，并结合工程实际简要阐述聚氨酯填缝胶施工工艺的关键环节。     

Experimental Research on Early-Age Property of High-Performance Concrete Column by Embedded Sensors

This paper aims at monitoring the autogenous shrinkage (AS) of a high-performance concrete (HPC) column specimen using an embedded strain gauge just after concrete pouring. A real size specimen (40 cm x40 cra x 100 cm ) was made to simulate the structural members in construction site. The results show that the amount of HPC AS is comparable to that of drying shrinkage and even larger than it, so AS can not be omitted for HPC. By comparing the plain I-IPC and reinforce, d HPC specimens, the influences of reinforced bars on autogenous shrinkage and temperature distribution were obtained.