Replacement, obsolescence and modifications of ships

A theory of replacement in the context of ocean going vessels is discussed. The approach is based upon costs rather than profits, and while there appear to be many difficulties in applying replacement theory to ships it is shown that there are some segments where the theory can still usefully be applied. The effect on replacement resulting from varying important cost parameters is shown and it is found that while fiscal measures have very little effect, capital cost and operating cost profiles have the most important influence. It is concluded that shipowners need to keep themselves fully informed of changes in cost and improvements in technology that may indicate replacement of a vessel somewhat sooner than normal replacement age.     

基于遗传算法的滩海路路面结构优化设计研究

滩海路是为了开发丰富的滩海石油资源而修筑的联系陆地与人工岛的纽带。浅海滩涂地带受潮汐影响，水陆界伸缩很大，这就造成了滩海路建设具有费用高、风险大、工期长、维修费用高的特点。近年来，滩海路出现了漫水路的结构型式，其路堤高程较低，路面允许潮水淹没和通过，潮水过后可恢复通车使用。路面结构是构成滩海路堤工程建设总费用的重要部分，其合理确定对于降低工程建设总费用、确保工程建设质量都是至关重要的。文章以遗传算法作为基本数学工具，结合全寿命周期成本理论，建立了滩海路路面结构优化设计模型，并对渤海海域某工程地的滩海路路面进行优化设计，同原设计比较表明：利用该方法具有优越性，可以节省工程建设资金。     

15000kN·m能级强夯置换处理软弱地基效果分析

依托广西钦州港区某地基处理工程,基于夯前夯后多道瞬态面波测试和夯后动力触探试验、置换墩着底检测及静载荷试验,对15000kN·m能级强夯置换法处理软弱地基效果进行了检测。检测结果表明:强夯置换后,地基承载力明显提高,复合地基承载力大于200kPa,压缩模量大于20MPa;15000kN·m能级强夯置换有效加固深度7.0~10.0m,平均有效加固深度9.0m左右;强夯置换后,置换墩体与墩间土间、强夯置换区与周边的强夯区间均存在明显的不均匀性,设计时应充分考虑到强夯置换后地基土的不均匀性。     

半潜浮式风机的动力响应分析

OC4半潜浮式风机综合性能较好，但其浮式基础结构质量和结构复杂性使其建造成本高昂，而WindFloat半潜浮式风机浮式基础具有结构简单、建造成本低和减摇效果好等优点，但是适应水深较小且只适合特定海域。结合OC4和WindFloat半潜浮式风机浮式基础的结构特点，针对200 m水深环境设计OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机基础。基于叶素理论、莫里森公式和势流理论，通过有限元软件对OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机的固有周期及风浪联合作用下的动态响应进行耦合分析，并与OC4半潜浮式风机结果进行对比研究。结果显示，OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机固有周期及动态响应均满足相关规定，且具有比OC4更低的建造成本，相比WindFloat可适用更深的海域。研究结果对于浮式基础型式研究有一定的指导意义。     

Determinants of the property damage costs of bulk barge accidents

This study investigates determinants of the vessel, cargo, and other-property damage costs of bulk barge accidents in US inland waterways. Tobit estimation of a three-equation recursive model suggests that, in bulk barge accidents: (1) vessel damage cost is greater for collision, fire/explosion, and material/equipment failure accidents than for groundings; (2) cargo damage cost is greater at night and when the weather is foggy and increases with barge age; and (3) otherproperty damage cost is greater for multi-vessel accidents, but decreases with barge size. A dollar of vessel damage cost increases other-property damage cost by $1.38, while a dollar of cargo damage cost increases this cost by $6.90. An important result for formulating bulk barge accident cost-reduction policies is that a given determinant might have a negative effect on one type of damage cost but a positive effect on another.     

舰船哈龙灭火剂的替代产品和气体灭火剂的选型分析

指出哈龙灭火剂对臭氧层的危害,介绍卤代烷产品的替代原则。阐述目前哈龙的主要替代产品必须满足的条件及其发展趋势。重点分析各种哈龙替代产品的特点、性能、发展前景和应用范围,并比较它们的有效性和局限性,探讨开发新型清洁高效的哈龙替代技术。     

强夯法在围海造地地基加固中的应用

强夯法加固砂性土、填土等地基比较适用,但该法能否加固下伏淤泥的回填砂地基,目前在理论上还存在不同的观点。通过厦门市环东海域同集片区进行强夯工艺试验及效果检测,证明下伏淤泥回填砂地基采用强夯法加固完全适用,并可通过试验确定强夯的合理参数。     

基于人力资本理论的建筑施工企业的人力资源管理的策略

为应对市场挑战,提高管理效率,提出从人力资本理论出发,重新审视建筑施工企业的人力资源管理。分析目前建筑施工企业人力资源管理的现状,阐述人力资本管理的理论,分析人力资本理论对企业的作用。提出了从人力资本理论出发,确立建筑施工企业人力资源管理的相应策略,实现人力资本投资的最大效益。     

港口集装箱起重机钢丝绳使用情况调查与分析

24个码头的 5 0 0多台集装箱起重机的钢丝绳使用情况表明 ,国内港口所用钢丝绳的品牌规格较多 ,其中日本产品和国内产品的市场占有率较高 ,国内产品的消耗量最大 ;进口产品的性能普遍较好 ,而国内产品则性能质量差异较大 ,除少数品牌外 ,使用寿命较短 ;各国内部品牌之间的价格接近 ,欧洲产品价格最高 ,国产品牌价格低廉     

A new functional optimization method applied to the pitch distribution of a marine propeller

Based on Hilbert space theory, an infinite-dimensional optimization method to find the optimal pitch distribution of marine propellers was developed. Thereby, the three-dimensional effect of induced velocity could effectively be controlled in an optimal way; i.e., an investigation was carried out to learn whether the present method is applicable to the design of marine propellers, especially pitch distributions, by maximizing the propeller efficiency functional. In addition, with the help of Hilbert space theory, it was successfully shown that the optimization method developed has a unique mathematical solution. In this work, only the pitch distribution was optimized, while other parameters such as the camber and thickness of the trial propeller remained as in the original. With a numerical study, it is shown that the present optimization method gives an optimal pitch distribution, the open-water characteristic curve being superior to the original curve. Received: August 24, 2000 / Accepted: July 16, 2001     

浮式方箱防波堤的AQWA数值模拟研究

利用AQWA数模软件,针对规则波和不规则波作用时浮式方箱防波堤的透射效果进行研究,试验表明:浮式方箱防波堤的透射系数随水深变化不大,消波效果较好;与传统防波堤相比,浮式方箱防波堤在水深增大后工程造价的增量有限.本研究可为浮式方箱防波堤的设计和应用提供参考.     

激光告警装备的发展现状与趋势分析

半主动激光制导武器已成为现代战争中效费比最高的精确打击武器之一。如何对其进行有效防御正成为各国研究的重点。激光告警装置便是对该类武器进行防御反击的前提。探讨了当前激光告警所涉及的理论问题,并对当前国内外的激光告警装备研究现状进行了分析。总结了未来一段时间该类装备发展存在的问题与趋势。     

基于遗传算法的滩海路堤堤高优化设计研究

滩海路是为了开发丰富的滩海石油资源而修筑的联系陆地与人工岛的纽带.浅海滩涂地带受潮汐影响,水陆界伸缩很大,这就造成了滩海路建设具有费用高、风险大、工期长、维修费用高的特点.堤高是影响滩海路堤工程建设总费用的关键因素,其合理确定对于保证滩海路通行天数、降低工程建设总费用是至关重要的.基于遗传算法,结合全寿命周期成本理论,建立了滩海路堤堤高多目标优化设计模型,并对渤海海域某工程地的滩海路堤进行优化设计,同原设计比较表明:利用该方法具有优越性,可以节省工程建设资金.     

Replacement of very large and ultra large crude carriers

The technical and economic conditions of World War II that led to the building of Liberty vessels and compared with those that led to the building of the present very large and ultralarge crude carries (VLCCs and ULCCs) for the purpose of revealing similarities that could indicate when a massive replacement of the existing large tankers is to be expected. The Liberties were replaced within a relatively short time by ships of twice their efficiency and in a situation where transport demand was growing and insurance premiums for old vessels greatly increased. International rules and regulations played on great role. The development of tankers has not produced ships that from an economical point of view are markedly better than previously existing vessels; the demand for tankers has not increased during the last 15 years; the insurance coasts of existing tankers have increased only moderately; and the introduction of new international and national rules for tanker design have made it worthwhile to conserve existing vessels. Although there is a similarity in age distribution between the Liberties and the VLCCs and ULCCs, the situation of the two categories of vessel is otherwise so different that a demand for a VLCC and ULCC replacement of the same magnitude as was experienced for the Liberties cannot be expected.     

塑料排水板在天津港工程建设中的应用

通过对天津港若干采用真空预压加固的工程进行统计 ,对塑料排水板间距与加固时间、工程造价之间的关系进行了分析 ,总结出以上三者之间的规律 ;对真空预压加固机理进行了阐述 ,并根据有关实测资料 ,指出影响加固深度的主要因素是井阻损失的大小 ,实际工程表明 ,真空预压的有效加固深度可达 30m以上。     

基于Keil与VSPD软件仿真的串口通信调试技术

串口通信编程与调试是智能仪表开发的重要内容,文章介绍了一种基于Keil与VSPD的纯软件仿真的串口通信调试技术。该技术完全不需要硬件仿真电路,对调试计算机也没有特殊的硬件接口要求;使用简单方便、经济成本低,有利于控制研制成本;并且可应用于其他硬件平台开发场合。     

[What is the cost of increasing taxation?] (Oslo: Statistics Norway: Oekonomiske analyser no 8). [In Nowegian].

Zero taxation is today the rule in the international shipping industry. The absent income tax on profits is translated into an equivalent reduction in freight rates. Countries and companies which are net purchasers of shipping services gain, while the treasuries of countries providing the equity lose. Equity investors in shipping obtain no more than the internationally required after-tax profit level. The private income distribution effect, therefore, should not give rise to political concern. By eroding the tax base, zero taxation gives rise to an economic cost by shifting taxation to other sources. The effect on resource allocation through too high volumes shipped is shown to be insignificant. In countries where profit taxation is still levied, shipowning cannot remain competitive. Forcing inherently competitive operators to close down or move to a zero tax location is likely to cause a significant economic loss. Short of ordinary taxation of shipping internationally, the second best solution may be a more consistent lifting of tax obligations.     

排水型舰船加装尾板实船试验研究

尾板是一种加工和安装简单的节能装置,为了验证尾板节能的效果,在某舰上进行了未装尾板和加装尾板的实船对比试验,试验结果表明,加装尾板对某舰的快速性能有较大的改善,在相同主机功率时,巡航速度和高航速时分别比未装尾板时提高了0.97kns和0.78kns,在相同巡航速度和高航速时节能分别为16.7%和12.7%.加装尾板对操纵性和尾部振动没有影响或略有改善.此外,加装尾板后,每年可节约140吨燃油,节约40万元的燃油费用,估计在一年内就可回收尾板加工和安装的投资.     

A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

Exchange rate changes and the cost competitiveness of international airlines: The Aviation Trade Weighted Index

Discussions of how changes in exchange rates impact on international airlines tend to be ambivalent. In this paper, it is shown that the relative cost competitiveness of an international airline will decline when there is an exchange rate appreciation in its home country - as will be the case for other tradable goods and services. The extent to which this happens depends on which countries the prices of the inputs are set in and also on which countries' airlines it is closely competing with. The impact is greater if there is an appreciation relative to those countries whose airlines the home airlines are closely competing with. In the trade literature, this is recognised in the Trade Weighted Index of exchange rates, which weights exchanges rates according to their importance in a country's trade flows. In this paper, an Airline Trade Weighted Index is developed - the weights for this index depend on airline traffic and revenues on routes to and from a country. The ATWI is calculated for Australian international airlines, and it indicates that there has been a significant loss of competitiveness in recent years, due to the appreciation of the Australian dollar relative to currencies of key airline competitor countries.