基于流通阻力的DPF碳载量预测模型研究

精确预测碳载量是目前柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)技术应用的关键环节。本文中首先对DPF压差值的主要影响因素进行了理论分析,发现当DPF的物理结构和内部碳载量确定的情况下,其压差主要受排气体积流量的影响,进而提出采用流动阻力值作为特定碳载量下压差与排气体积流量的关系表征。其次,运用GT-Power软件建立DPF一维仿真模型,模拟了DPF内部不同碳载量对流通阻力的影响,分析表明:瞬态工况下DPF压差值受发动机运行工况影响而在较大范围内剧烈波动,但流通阻力值相对较稳定且与DPF内部碳载量呈正相关关系。最后,结合发动机台架试验对DPF仿真模型进行了试验验证,两者吻合良好,最大误差约10%。     

柴油车碳化微米长木纤维DPF压降特性试验研究

提出将碳化微米长木纤维(CMLWF)作为微粒捕集器(DPF)的过滤体材料,并研制了可拆卸DPF和碳化微米长木纤维DPF排气阻力特性测试装置。试验证明,在设计DPF滤芯时需慎重选择合适的孔径,并且在外形结构允许的情况下,优先考虑孔隙直径较大、轴向长度较长的过滤介质。     

NO2对柴油机微粒捕集器再生特性的影响机理

利用三维CFD软件建立了柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维仿真模型,验证了模型的准确性。通过对NO2氧化炭烟微粒再生机理的DPF仿真计算,研究了炭烟浓度、NO2与NOx的比值、排气温度、空速及发动机负荷对NO2被动再生反应的影响。结果表明:排气中炭烟浓度越大,NO2转化率越高;NO2与NOx的比值越大去除的炭烟微粒越多;正常排气温度有利于NO2实现DPF再生;空速高时DPF再生效果不佳;发动机负荷越高,参与再生过程的NO2越多。     

基于响应曲面法的DPF捕集性能多目标优化

以提高整体捕集性能为目的开展柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)结构参数多目标优化设计，利用GT-Power建立DPF捕集模型，通过发动机台架试验验证了仿真模型的可靠性。以最大压降和初始过滤效率为优化目标，以孔隙率、孔直径、壁厚、过滤体长度和直径5个结构参数为优化变量，基于Box-Behnken试验设计方法构建了DPF捕集性能二阶响应面模型，通过三维响应面图对结构参数显著性与交互作用进行仿真分析，采用满意度函数法进行多目标参数优化。结果表明，孔直径对最大压降的影响较小，较小的孔隙率与壁厚、较大的过滤体直径有利于降低DPF最大压降，而适当增大过滤体直径与壁厚可提升DPF初始捕集效率。协同优化后的DPF压降较优化前下降51.34%,优化后的DPF初始过滤效率趋近于100%。     

基于Boost的柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)性能分析

柴油机微粒排放控制技术已成为柴油机技术发展中的核心之一。文中探讨了微粒捕集器的捕集机理、过滤体材料特性以及再生技术。并利用AVL Boost软件建立模型,仿真分析了发动机的排气温度和柴油机微粒捕集器(Diesel Particulate Filter,DPF)的过滤孔密度对DPF的最高温度、排气背压和排气碳烟量的影响,提出了柴油机微粒捕集器设计优化的方法。     

基于压差的DPF再生载碳量模型标定研究与验证

基于压差的DPF再生载碳量模型标定和验证,研究了发动机各工况范围内对应的特征点排气温度和排气流量的DPF空载压差,DPF最大载碳量范围内均匀分布的特征点所对应的发动机排气流量的DPF压差值,计算出各特征点的流阻,形成DPF再生载碳量标定模型;然后通过不同地理区域和不同工况的试验,验证了该模型的正确性和适用性。     

基于压力信号谱分析的DPF故障诊断策略研究

基于表征DPF对排气压力信号影响的传递函数,建立了表征DPF状态的模型。该模型利用DPF前后压力信号的谱能量密度比值来表示传递函数的平方值,而传递函数可用来表征DPF的状态。通过对DPF失效样品的发动机台架试验数据的分析表明,该策略可在DPF的非再生阶段对DPF进行实时故障诊断。最后依据该策略建立了DPF故障诊断算法。     

壁流式过滤体的流动阻力分析及再生效率研究

分析了工作中的壁流式过滤体的流动阻力,指出过滤过程中,当小孔壁面上的PM滤饼形成后,排气流经壁流式过滤体时的压力降低主要由过滤体小孔壁面、PM层、入口和出口小孔通道等4处的流动阻力产生,其中前两处的流动阻力起主要作用。给出了过滤体再生效率的两种定义,并分析了其差别,指出对相同结构的过滤体,可以用再生前后排气流经过滤体的压差计算其再生效率;对不同结构的过滤体用该定义评价再生效率时,应考虑由于过滤体自身结构参数的变化引起的再生效率的变化。     

基于CFD的汽车发动机排气系统噪声分析

为了降低发动机排气系统噪声,首先利用计算流体力学方法,对汽车发动机排气系统模型的内部流场进行三维数值模拟;其次通过计算得到计算域内流场分布,观察打开不同排气歧管入口时消音器及尾管的内部流线图、催化转化器内部气体流动均匀性来研究分析发动机排气歧管噪声的产生原因。最后根据分析结果找出原结构中不合理的部位,并提出2种对发动机排气系统的优化改进方案,以达到减小排气阻力和排气噪声的目的。     

重型柴油机DPF非线性非稳态碳载量估算方法研究

通常可以使用压差传感器估计柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)中的碳载量，但其在较低排气流量时的非线性和非稳定状态下，准确性会严重下降。为了提高精度，建立了新的碳载量估算方法，以计算DPF中的炭烟累计量，从而提高主动再生触发时间的精度。该模型基于发动机炭烟排放和DPF内的炭烟氧化平衡，由炭烟排放模型、NO₂被动再生模型和炭烟高温氧化模型3个子模型组成。测试验证是基于全球统一瞬态试验循环(WHTC)进行的。试验结果表明，在载碳形成过程中，碳载量计算值与实测值的平均误差为4.6%。随着排气温度和NO₂浓度增加，被动再生加快，主动再生间隔延长。     

柴油机微粒捕集器定工况主动再生条件的试验研究

柴油机尾气后处理系统采用仅安装氧化催化转化器方案,通过试验确定了柴油机微粒捕集器定工况主动再生时所需的入口条件,通过对发动机不同工况排气温度的测量确定了微粒捕集器定工况主动再生的发动机工况点,得出了主动再生时排气管中所需喷入液化石油气的喷射脉宽.试验中氧化催化转化器对HC的转化效率达到了90%以上,满足了再生期间对催化...     

影响柴油机微粒捕集器背压因素的试验研究

采用搭建的气道试验台和实车试验系统研究了影响发动机排气背压的因素,同时量化了部分发动机工况下流量、背压和温度随时间的变化关系,为再生时机的判断提供了有力的数据支持。     

Estimation of soot oxidation rate in DPF under carbon and non-carbon based particulate matter accumulated condition

By high particulate matter(PM) reduction performance, diesel particulate filter(DPF) is applied to almost all of modern HSDI diesel engine. PM emitted from diesel engine is consist of carbon based and non-carbon based material. Representative carbon based PM is soot. Non-carbon based PM is produced by wear of engine and exhaust component, combustion of lubrication oil and sulphur in fuel. Accumulation of non-carbon based PM affects pressure difference of DPF and thus accuracy of soot mass estimation in DPF can be lowered during normal and regeneration condition when the pressure difference caused by non-carbon based PM is not recognized correctly. Also unevenly accumulated PM inside of DPF can produce locally different exhaust gas temperature and thus it can lower accuracy of soot mass estimation during regeneration. This study focuses on estimation of soot oxidation rate not by conventional pressure difference but by exhaust gas analysis at up and downstream of DPF. Results, strong correlations between CO₂ -fuel mass ratio and soot oxidation was observed.     

采用燃烧器+氧化催化器的柴油机微粒捕集器复合再生控制策略的研究

设计了一种车载全流式燃烧器,从增压柴油机的涡轮增压器取出新鲜空气,从回油管路取油供给燃烧;将该装置安装在排气管尾端使捕集器进行再生.在燃烧器和捕集器之间增加氧化催化器,实现了在发动机所有稳态工况下捕集器的复合再生.在排气背压的再生控制策略基础上,根据经验公式对背压值进行温度修正,将三维背压MAP简化为二维,提出"恒温定时"的复合再生控制策略,分析了控制策略在不同工况区域的运用,给出了再生过程分析实例.对既定的控制策略进行了实车试验,结果表明微粒排放达到了国Ⅳ标准.     

Carbon Deposit Incineration During Engine Flameout Using Non-Thermal Plasma Injection

In order to investigate the influence of initial regeneration temperatures on diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration, an experimental study of DPF regeneration was implemented using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, aided by exhaust waste heat after engine flameout. DPF trapping characteristics and carbon deposit mass were discussed to facilitate further data analysis and calculation. DPF regeneration was then investigated by comparison analysis of deposit removal mass, backpressure drop, and internal temperature change. The results revealed that a large amount of particulate matter (PM) was deposited in DPF with a high filtration efficiency of about 90 %. The deposit removal rate and percentage drop of the backpressure both maximized at the initial temperature of 100 °C. During DPF regeneration, the sharp rise of internal temperature indicated vigorous PM incineration and high CO₂ emission. The results successfully demonstrated DPF regeneration using non-thermal plasma injection during engine flameout, and prominent heat durability was achieved in this method.     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.     

Performance of radial-type metal foam diesel particulate filters

An analytical study of the performance of a radial-type, metal foam diesel particulate filter is reported. A mathematical model for the filtration and regeneration of soot in a metal foam filter was developed. Nickel foam was selected for the filter medium due to its large specific area, high porosity, and high thermal resistance. For various metal foams, the filtration efficiency and the pressure drop through the filter were calculated, as was the deposition of soot. The results from the analytical model were compared with experimental data. In comparison with a conventional wall flow filter, the metal foam diesel particulate filter (DPF) is effective in utilizing the volume of material, due to the porous structures. As the size of the metal foam pores in the DPF increases from 580 μm to 800 μm, the filtration efficiency decreases from 90% to 50%, and the pressure drop decreases from 380 mbar to 20 mbar. The metal foam DPF with a large pore size is effective in utilizing the volume of material with a small pressure drop. The regeneration is completed within four minutes by the flow of hot exhaust gases under full load conditions.     

DPF对柴油机性能影响的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件,分别建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和D19柴油机的仿真模型,并把二者进行耦合,研究了DPF对D19柴油机的功率、扭矩、缸压及燃油消耗率等方面的影响。研究结果表明,加装DPF会使发动机排气背压升高,输出功率与扭矩下降,缸内最高燃烧压力降低,燃油消耗率上升,且随着载体内颗粒物数量的增加,这种趋势更为明显;当DPF内炭烟加载量接近满载达到10 g/L时,D19发动机的功率、扭矩已有明显的下降趋势,在高转速下最高降幅达4%左右,燃油消耗率增幅为3%左右。     

Effects of Residual Ash on Dpf Capture and Regeneration

To study the effects of residual ash on the capture and regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), repeated capture and complete regeneration experiments were conducted. An engine exhaust particulate sizer was used to measure the particle size distribution of diesel in the front and back of DPF. Discrepancies in the size distribution of the particulate matter in repeated trapping tests were analyzed. To achieve complete DPF regeneration, a DPF regeneration system using nonthermal plasma technology was established. The regeneration carbon removal mass and peak temperatures of DPF internal measuring points were monitored to evaluate the effect of regeneration. The mechanism explaining the influence of residual ash on DPF capture and regeneration was thoroughly investigated. Results indicate that the DPF trapping efficiencies of the nuclear-mode particles and ultrafine particles have significant improvements with the increase quantity of residual ash, from 90 % and 96.01 % to 94.17 % and 97.27 %, respectively. The exhaust backpressure of the DPF rises from 9.41 kPa to 11.24 kPa. Heat transfer in the DPF is improved with ash, and the peak temperatures of the measuring points accordingly increase. By comparing the regeneration trials, the elapsed time for complete regeneration and time difference for reaching the peak temperature between adjacent reaction interfaces are extended with increased quantity of ash. The carbon removal mass rises by 34.00 %.