EGR对高压共轨柴油机小负荷工况燃烧过程及排放性能的影响

以某轻型车用高压共轨柴油机为样机,研究了在小负荷工况条件下,EGR率对柴油机排放、燃烧过程及燃油消耗的影响。试验结果表明:EGR减小了缸内最高燃烧压力及压力峰值,使压力升高率略有增加,降低了瞬时放热率与峰值,延长了燃烧持续期,降低了缸内温度峰值及平均温度。在小负荷工况,EGR可以同时有效改善NOx,HC及CO排放,当EGR阀全开,EGR率为42%时,NOx排放降低了38.7%,HC降低了39.6%,CO排放降低了21.3%;PM排放先随着EGR率增加而减小,EGR率超过某一值后,PM排放增加,整个PM排放曲线呈现"鱼钩"状变化趋势。EGR对小负荷工况燃油耗性能影响不大。     

EGR阀升程规律对重型柴油机瞬态工况排放特性的影响

基于1台配备废气再循环系统(EGR)的重型柴油机,试验研究了瞬态工况下EGR阀升程规律对重型柴油机排放特性的影响。针对恒转速变扭矩与恒扭矩变转速过渡工况设计了5种EGR阀升程规律,根据升程走势可分为3种类型:线性升程,上凸型升程以及下凹型升程。结果表明:瞬变过程中,初始EGR阀开度变化速率对NO_x生成影响巨大,NO与NO_x排放规律基本吻合,EGR阀升程规律对NO_2排放影响甚微。不同EGR阀升程规律下烟度变化规律相同,呈先增后减的趋势,但峰值明显不同。EGR阀升程规律对燃油经济性影响不大。     

汽油／柴油混合燃料对压燃式发动机预混燃烧及排放的影响EI北大核心CSCD

对一台高压共轨增压中冷压燃式发动机燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料的预混合燃烧特性进行了试验研究,分析了汽油掺入比例、EGR以及喷油参数对发动机燃烧过程和排放的影响规律。结果表明:汽油/柴油混合燃料可有效延长燃烧过程的滞燃期,缩短燃烧持续期,有利于增大预混合燃烧量;提高汽油掺入比例,可有效拓展发动机实现预混压燃的负荷范围,能够在不引起NO_x增加的前提下显著降低排气烟度。采用汽油/柴油混合燃料配合EGR技术有利于同时降低NO_x及排气烟度,随着EGR的引入,NO_x排放呈线性下降趋势,且在低进气氧浓度条件下可实现较好的烟度排放。大负荷工况下,利用EGR和两段喷射协同控制策略,并合理匹配预喷参数,可在不降低热效率的情况下,进一步改善发动机的排放特性。     

车用柴油机EGR瞬态响应特性

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态测试系统和电控EGR系统进行了EGR瞬态响应特性研究。结果表明:瞬态工况下由于EGR压差的增加和进气量的减小造成EGR率大幅度超调,增加幅值随瞬变率增加而增加;EGR本身会造成柴油机排气烟度增加,瞬态工况下EGR率的超调更加剧了这种恶化;与稳态工况相比,1600 r/min、5 s增负荷工况EGR率最大超调幅度达到43%,排气烟度增加6倍;2000 r/min增负荷工况EGR瞬态响应特性具有大致相同的规律。在发动机瞬变过程中需要制定相应的EGR瞬态控制策略,以降低瞬态排气烟度。     

汽油/柴油混合燃料对压燃式发动机预混燃烧及排放的影响

对一台高压共轨增压中冷压燃式发动机燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料的预混合燃烧特性进行了试验研究,分析了汽油掺入比例、EGR以及喷油参数对发动机燃烧过程和排放的影响规律。结果表明:汽油/柴油混合燃料可有效延长燃烧过程的滞燃期,缩短燃烧持续期,有利于增大预混合燃烧量;提高汽油掺入比例,可有效拓展发动机实现预混压燃的负荷范围,能够在不引起NO_x增加的前提下显著降低排气烟度。采用汽油/柴油混合燃料配合EGR技术有利于同时降低NO_x及排气烟度,随着EGR的引入,NO_x排放呈线性下降趋势,且在低进气氧浓度条件下可实现较好的烟度排放。大负荷工况下,利用EGR和两段喷射协同控制策略,并合理匹配预喷参数,可在不降低热效率的情况下,进一步改善发动机的排放特性。     

高低压EGR对重型柴油机性能影响的试验研究

针对一台两级增压的高压共轨重型柴油机,围绕高压废气再循环(HP_EGR)和低压废气再循环(LP_EGR)在不同工况下对重型柴油机的两级增压系统、进排气参数和排放特性的影响机理展开试验研究.研究结果表明:不同工况下,仅开低压EGR对柴油机的两级增压系统、进排气参数基本无影响,而仅开高压EGR对以上参数影响较大;中速中高负荷在开低压EGR时,可明显改善NO x与燃油消耗率(BSFC)和NO x与烟度的Trade-off关系;而高速开高压EGR时,也可明显改善NO x与BSFC的Trade-off关系,但烟度会出现小幅度恶化趋势;在高速高负荷点开高压EGR时,存在由于泵气损失降低带来油耗下降和燃烧恶化带来油耗升高的平衡点,但在高速低负荷点并未出现类似平衡点;在高低压EGR分配策略方面,中速中高负荷时以低压EGR为主,高速低负荷时以高压EGR为主,高速高负荷时以高压EGR为主,低压EGR为辅,从而实现较低原排的同时拥有较好燃油经济性和烟度.     

重型柴油机瞬态工况排放和EGR影响的试验研究

本文中对一重型柴油机瞬态工况下的NOx与碳烟排放和引入EGR技术的影响进行试验研究。结果表明,引入EGR后,NOx的瞬态排放有所改善;但碳烟的瞬态排放恶化;关闭EGR阀可缓解碳烟瞬态排放的恶化。通过直流电机EGR阀关闭阶跃试验,揭示了EGR阀的关闭对发动机各项性能的影响规律,为重型柴油机瞬态排放的EGR控制提供了依据。     

VNT和EGR耦合对柴油机性能及排放特性影响的试验研究

针对VNT-EGR技术在国六柴油机上的应用,研究了VNT与EGR耦合对柴油机经济性和排放特性的影响规律。通过VNT与EGR开度的正交试验,并结合喷油参数进行与柴油机的优化匹配。研究结果表明:VNT增压器与EGR同时工作时,EGR开度增加导致可利用的排气能量降低,增压器的效率向低效率区域移动,减小VNT开度可改善这一现象;相同EGR开度下,减小VNT开度可以提高柴油机的空燃比,在炭烟排放水平相同的条件下,可以实现更大的EGR率,进一步降低NO_x比排放,炭烟与NO_x的总体排放水平有所降低,燃油消耗率随VNT开度的减小呈先降低后升高的趋势,是泵气损失与缸内燃烧状况共同作用的结果;VNT与EGR开度的正交优化大幅度降低了NO_x比排放,烟度与油耗有所上升,但低速大负荷的经济性会有所改善,配合喷油参数优化,可以在满足NO_x原排的条件下,经济性最优。     

EGR对重型柴油机性能影响的试验研究

以某带有高压共轨喷射系统和废气涡轮增压系统的直列6缸重型柴油机为试验对象,研究了EGR率对其燃油消耗率、NOx和烟度等排放参数的影响,同时还着重研究了EGR耦合喷射压力和喷射定时参数调整及EGR冷却温度对以上参数的影响。结果表明,EGR能有效改善柴油机NOx排放水平,但会导致经济性下降、碳烟排放增加,也会给HC和CO排放带来负面影响;EGR耦合喷射参数的折中策略改善了消光烟度和(NOx+HC)的排放,同时降低了燃油消耗以及PM和CO的排放;降低EGR温度可提高柴油机的使用性能。     

重型柴油机冷EGR与VGT耦合优化试验研究

以1台重型柴油机为试验对象,基于台架试验结果,通过建立数学模型和评价标准,对各个工况下的EGR和VGT阀门开度组合进行优化。经各评价标准优化结果的比较,选取折中NO_x排放和烟度的标准作为最优方案,对其优化结果进行分析可知:相同转速下,随着负荷的增大,EGR阀门开度先增大后减小;中等负荷下,VGT阀门开度较小,随着转速的升高,阀门开度逐渐增大;NO_x及CO排放整体较低,大负荷和高转速工况下NO_x排放显著提升,低速大负荷工况下CO排放严重升高;中等负荷下,排气烟度极低,但低速大负荷工况下烟度迅速升高。     

内外EGR和喷油压力对柴油机低温燃烧的影响

在1台装有电液可变气门的单缸柴油机上,通过改变内外EGR策略和喷油压力,对柴油机小负荷工况下低温燃烧的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了试验研究。内部EGR通过排气门两次开启实现,发动机转速和喷油量分别固定为1 500r/min和20mg/cycle。研究结果表明,通过高EGR率控制可以实现超低NOx排放,其中采用高喷油压力可以降低内部EGR的炭烟排放,而采用低喷油压力可以降低外部中冷EGR的HC和CO排放。在内外EGR耦合控制策略中,提高内部EGR比例可以降低HC和CO排放,但改善效果逐渐减弱,同时为了抑制炭烟排放,需要结合更高喷油压力,而提高外部中冷EGR比例可以获得较高热效率。     

EGR回路喷甲醇在柴油机上的应用研究

在YC6A220C柴油机上进行了进气道喷甲醇结合EGR的试验研究,在保持原柴油机动力性基本不变的基础上,研究了在不同负荷下,选用不同的EGR率和不同甲醇消耗率对原机的动力性、经济性、NOx和炭烟排放的影响。研究结果表明:单纯地使用EGR对于降低NOx效果比较明显,但是难以同时降低炭烟的排放,尤其当EGR率超过30%时,随着EGR率或者负荷的增加炭烟也急剧增加。向回路喷入适量甲醇后,不但可以保证NOx排放减少,而且炭烟排放也可以大幅度降低。在1 500r/min(最大扭矩转速)下,在EGR率为20%~35%,甲醇消耗率为50~70g/(kW·h)范围内,可以同时降低NOx和炭烟排放。发动机的动力性和燃油消耗略有降低,排放水平均低于燃用0号柴油。     

Influence of rail pressure on a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel engine under transient operation

The demand for continually improving the transient performance of diesel engines requires higher rail pressure and more efficient turbocharger. Before the test, a two-stage turbocharger with a turbine by-pass valve (TBV) had been matched reasonably with the base engine. In order to reduce smoke emission under the typical 5-second transient process of constant speed and increasing torque, the influence of rail pressure on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the two-stage turbocharger was helpful in improving transient performance. Moreover, the full-stage rail pressure (FSRP) strategies (increasing rail pressure during the whole transient process) could reduce smoke emission when the TBV was closed. However, smoke deteriorated once TBV opening got larger. Then the sectional-stage rail pressure (SSRP) strategies (increasing rail pressure from a pre-set load to 100 % load) were presented under small TBV opening to improve in-cylinder thermal condition. Hence, the air-fuel mixing process was improved at medium and large loads. Then the maximum decline of smoke opacity peak was 56.3 %, which happened under 10 % TBV opening. In addition, fuel consumption of FSRP strategies got worse under larger TBV opening. However, this deterioration situation could be effectively restrained by the utilization of SSRP strategies.     

多次喷射对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

基于1台高压共轨涡轮增压柴油机,采用不同的预喷正时、预喷油量与后喷正时等,研究了多次喷射对燃烧放热、排放生成与燃油经济性的影响,以实现均质压燃和低温燃烧过程。研究结果表明:随预喷正时提前,缸内峰值压力降低,主燃阶段的滞燃期缩短,NOx和炭烟排放均降低;随预喷油量增加,预喷阶段燃烧的放热率和最大压力升高率增大,NOx和HC排放增大,而PM和CO排放降低;随后喷始点推迟,缸内压力与主放热率峰值差异变小,NOx排放降低,但炭烟排放先增大后逐渐降低。     

EGR对车用柴油机性能影响的试验研究

结合某废气涡轮增压和高压共轨小型4缸柴油机国Ⅳ排放达标工作,进行了计算机在线实时控制EGR对柴油机性能影响的试验研究,通过试验分析了EGR对NOx、烟度、排气温度、燃油消耗率的影响规律,并对EGR率与喷油提前角的匹配作了进一步的研究。结果表明,为降低柴油机NOx排放,不同工况应采取不同的EGR率;烟度、排气温度、燃油消耗率均随着EGR率的增加而增大;EGR率和喷油提前角应实现良好的匹配,才能保证NOx排放和燃油消耗率都能达到要求,其中小EGR率匹配小喷油提前角,大EGR率匹配大喷油提前角。     

Analysis of the capabilities of a two-stage turbocharging system to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution directive for heavy duty diesel engines

This article presents a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engine designed to fulfil the US2007 anti-pollution directive. This directive imposes very restrictive limits on the NOx and particle emissions of HDD engines. In this work, the possibility of combining particle traps in the exhaust line to reduce soot emissions with very high EGR rates to reduce NOx emissions is considered. This new generation engine implements two-stage turbocharging in order to improve the bsfc when the engine is working on steady conditions as well as to optimize the engine transient response. After carrying out the tests, the results were analyzed and the engine settings were adjusted to maximise its behaviour and minimise pollutant emissions. NOx and soot emission peaks were also analyzed at engine transient conditions in order to keep them under certain levels, and thus maintain the overall pollutant emissions to a level that is as low as possible. In summary, a double-stage turbocharging configuration can greatly improve engine driveability (between 23% and 36% depending on engine speed), while reducing NOx emissions during transient evolution without increasing opacity peaks beyond the stated limits.     

EGR对柴油-天然气双燃料发动机稀燃的影响

在一台由柴油机加装天然气供给系统改装而成的双燃料发动机上进行试验,分别研究了EGR率和过量空气系数(a)随喷油提前角变化对双燃料发动机的影响。结果表明:当EGR率为0时,a过大导致热效率降低。增大喷油提前角使着火提前,燃烧得以改善,最大压力升高率和最高燃烧压力提高,热值折合燃料消耗率降低。喷油提前角一定时,最大压力升高率、最高燃烧压力随EGR率的增大先升高后降低,热值折合燃料消耗率先降低后升高,EGR率为20%时热值折合燃料消耗率达到最低值。采用EGR技术能有效降低NOx排放,但HC,CO,CH4和炭烟排放随着EGR率的增大而增大;增大喷油提前角使缸内柴油预混燃烧比例增加,HC,CO,CH4和炭烟排放降低。因此,采用EGR时应适当增加喷油提前角。     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

Adaptation Strategy for Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Common Rail Pressure to Improve Transient Torque Response in Diesel Engines

Fuel injection limitation algorithms are widely used to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions under transient states in diesel engines. However, the limited injection quantity leads to a decrease in the engine torque response under transient states. To overcome this issue, this study proposes an adaptation strategy for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and common rail pressure combined with a fuel injection limitation algorithm. The proposed control algorithm consists of three parts: fuel injection limitation, EGR adaptation, and rail pressure adaptation. The fuel injection quantity is limited by adjusting the exhaust burned gas rate, which is predicted based on various intake air states like air mass flow and EGR mass flow. The control algorithm for EGR and rail pressure was designed to manipulate the set-points of the EGR and rail pressure when the fuel injection limitation is activated. The EGR controller decreases the EGR gas flow rate to rapidly supply fresh air under transient states. The rail pressure controller increases the rail pressure set-point to generate a well-mixed air-fuel mixture, resulting in an enhancement in engine torque under transient states. The proposed adaptation strategy was validated through engine experiments. These experiments showed that PM emissions were reduced by up to 11.2 %, and the engine torque was enhanced by 5.4 % under transient states compared to the injection limitation strategy without adaptation.     

加载停滞时间对柴油机瞬态性能的影响

为了改善柴油机瞬态加载过程中燃烧与排放性能恶化的问题,在一台增压中冷柴油机上,利用瞬态测控系统,试验研究了先快后慢的多段加载策略,探索不同的加载停滞时间对柴油机θCA10,θCA50,烟度和CO,NOx等排放物的影响规律。试验结果表明:与匀速加载策略相比,加载停滞时间越长,排放性能越好,烟度和CO峰值最大分别降低20.8%和38.32%,但NOx略有增加;在第二段加载过程中θCA10和θCA50延后程度降低;加载过程后期缸内空燃比下降趋势更加缓和。