天津港至南排河岸段海域悬沙运动遥感分析

利用Landsat-5/7卫星影像资料和实测含沙量资料,建立天津港—南排河岸段海域悬沙遥感模式,对表层水体悬沙分布及泥沙运动情况进行分析。研究表明,该海域含沙量均呈现从近岸至外海递减,具有明显的层次性;相对较高的含沙区域主要集中在-2m等深线以内,其表层含沙量一般在0.3kg/m3以上;沿岸线走向,含沙量的大小及分布范围总体呈现自北向南有所增大的特点;悬沙分布受季节性影响较大,冬季大风掀沙使得冬季含沙量明显大于夏季;当海域吹向岸风时近岸的含沙量要比吹顺岸风或离岸风时近岸含沙量高。     

Numerical simulations of seasonal and interannual variability of the Black Sea thermohaline circulation

The Black Sea general circulation is simulated by a primitive equation model with active free surface. The forcing is seasonally variable and is based on available climatic data. The model reproduces the main features of the Black Sea circulation, including the river discharge effects on the mean sea level and the Bosphorus outflow. Model results show that the simulated sea surface elevation increases in spring over the whole sea, reaching a maximum in the Danube delta area. In the same region, a minimum is observed in winter. The amplitude of the seasonal oscillations (about 8–12 cm over the whole basin) is of the same order of magnitude as the maximum horizontal variations (about 15–18 cm between the coastal areas and the basin interior). This strong signal formed mostly by river discharges, along with the seasonal variability in the other forcing functions and the local dynamics creates a well-pronounced interannual variability. The performance of the model in simulating the seasonal and interannual variability is critically analyzed, with a special attention on the cold intermediate water formation and the circulation in the upper 150 m. The simulations demonstrate that the source of intermediate waters is on the shelf, and that the water mass in the core of cold intermediate layer changes with time as a response to the periodic forcing at sea surface. This type of variability is characterized by pronounced interannual changes, proving that important differences could exist between water mass structure in different years, even when using identical atmospheric forcings each year.     

辽宁红沿河核电厂附近海域海岸演变及沉积特征

在现场踏勘及海洋水文全潮测验的基础上,分析了辽宁红沿河核电站附近海区的海岸演变和淤积特征,重点对海岸的稳定性,岸滩与床面的淤积特征、泥沙来源等进行了探讨,认为该海区岸段与岬角上间岸滩稳定,电厂取排水口处无泥沙淤积之患,在核电取排水口设计时,可不考虑岸线侵蚀以及其它形式来沙对核电水上工程滩面发育的影响。     

瓯江口水文泥沙特征分析

在大量实测资料的基础上,对瓯江口海区的地貌特征、河道径流特征、河道输沙特征、潮汐特征、潮流特征、余流特征、波浪特征、含沙量特征、泥沙来源、盐度特征、悬沙粒径和底质粒径特征、瓯江南北口的分流和分沙特征、中水道和北水道的分流和分沙特征进行了分析,根据实测资料分析得到了瓯江口挟沙力公式,得到了平衡水深公式,为瓯江河口的工程开发建设和科学研究提供了基础资料。主要研究成果表明:(1)瓯江口的潮汐属正规半日潮类型,平均潮差在4 m以上,属强潮河口;(2)潮流属正规浅海半日潮流类型,呈往复流动,潮流动力强;(3)瓯江为少沙河流,多年平均年悬移质输沙量为205.1万t;(4)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分流比为21%和79%,落潮平均分流比为26%和74%;(5)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分沙比为20%和80%,落潮平均分流沙比为22%和78%。     

The importance of estuarine gravitational circulation in the early life of the Bohai Penaeid Prawn

Estuaries along the southern shore of the Bohai Sea are the major habitat of the Bohai Penaeid Prawn (Penaeus chinensis). Since the 80's, however, many of the rivers have been dammed. Field observations, as well as laterally integrated 2-D numerical experiments, were conducted to understand both the role of estuarine gravitational circulation and the impact of the damming of the rivers on the early life of the Bohai Penaeid Prawn.For a river with runoff, especially for small discharge, the gravitational circulation tends to transport the planktonic larvae in their metamorphosis phase near the river mouth where condition is favorable for survival. The gravitational circulation inside the estuary tends to transport the mysis phase larvae towards the upstream end of the estuary when the most part of the larvae suspended in the bottom layer, and it transports the post larvae to the low salinity near upstream side of the estuary when the larvae become benthic, if the larvae enter the estuary.Damming causes long periods of zero runoff in the river, resulting in the alteration of the estuarine circulation and in the change of the estuarine environment. In addition, excess evaporation may prematurely transport the planktonic larvae into the estuary. On the other hand, sudden release of a large volume of freshwater from behind the dam may exert undesirable stress on the larvae.     

A conceptual model of the strongly tidal Columbia River plume

The Columbia River plume is typical of large-scale, high discharge, mid-latitude plumes. In the absence of strong upwelling winds, freshwater from the river executes a rightward turn and forms an anticyclonic bulge before moving north along the Washington coast. In addition to the above dynamics, however, the river plume outflow is subject to large tides, which modify the structure of the plume in the region near the river mouth. Observations based on data acquired during a summer 2005 cruise indicate that the plume consists of four distinct water masses; source water at the lift-off point, and the tidal, re-circulating and far-field plumes. In contrast to most plume models that describe the discharge of low-salinity estuary water into ambient high-salinity coastal water, we describe the Columbia plume as the superposition of these four plume types.We focus primarily on a conceptual summary of the dynamics and mutual interaction of the tidal and re-circulating plumes. The new tidal plume flows over top of the re-circulating plume and is typically bounded by strong fronts. Soon after the end of ebb tide, it covers roughly 50–100% of the re-circulating plume surface area. The fronts may penetrate well below the re-circulating plume water and eventually spawn internal waves that mix the re-circulating plume further. The re-circulating plume persists throughout the tidal cycle and corresponds to a freshwater volume equivalent to 3–4 days of river discharge. Finally, the plume water masses are distinguished from one another in term of surface chlorophyll concentration, suggesting that the above classification may also describe different biological growth regimes. The low-salinity re-circulating plume serves as an extension of the estuary into the coastal ocean, or an “estuary at sea”, because residence times during periods of high river flow are greater than those in the estuary.     

潍坊港沉积物特征及岸滩稳定性研究

通过潍坊港海岸动力地貌调查,分析研究了潍坊港各港区的水下沉积物分布特征。近岸沉积物质主要表现为极细砂与砂质粉砂,源于历史上黄河及附近河流的泥沙,中值粒径大致在0.01～0.4 mm,分选程度为分选好-中常。通过不同历史时期海图的等深线和断面海床冲淤变化对比,分析认为,潍坊中港区以西,受黄河口泥沙扩散、沉积影响,海床一直处于持续淤涨之中,这种趋势还将持续,潍坊中港区以东海床则基本保持稳定。从黄河口流路变迁这一角度来看,该海区岸线将在长期内保持稳定。     

On the observability of the fortnightly cycle of the Tagus estuary turbid plume using MODIS ocean colour images

Using three years (2003 to 2005) of MODIS-Aqua normalized water-leaving radiance at 551 nm this paper shows a fortnightly cycle in the Tagus estuary turbid plume. The Tagus estuary is one of the largest estuaries of the west coast of Europe and is located in the most populated area of Portugal, including the capital Lisbon. The turbid plume has been detected by the backscattering characteristics of the surface waters in the vicinity of the estuary mouth. In fortnightly scales, the turbid plume has smaller dimensions during and after neap tides and higher dimensions during and after spring tides. This is most probably associated with the fortnightly spring–neap tidal cycle and the consequent increase in turbidity inside the estuary during spring tides. During the summer weak spring tides (tidal amplitude approximately 2.5 m) no turbid plume is observed for an entire fortnightly cycle. Outside the summer months, precipitation, river discharge and winds, were found to increase the turbid area, but the fortnightly cycle appears to be superimposed on the large time-scale variability, and present throughout the year.     

马来西亚Pahang河口概念性整治方案研究

根据以往国内外一些主要潮汐河口深水航道的整治经验,通过马来西亚Pahang河口海域实测水文、泥沙及水深测量等现场实测资料分析,确定了Pahang河口的整治原则,即整治与疏浚相结合、采用工程措施束水攻沙及因势利导;根据整治原则,提出了Pahang河口概念性方案工程布置,即对南北河口分别进行双导堤整治,口门宽度与现有河口口门宽度一致,堤头设在波浪破碎点以外500 m,导堤采用高水堤,与现有口门沙洲高程一致,可达到防浪、防沙及束水攻沙、维持水深并保证通航的要求。     

灌河口盐、悬沙通量的分解及时空特征

灌河是江苏省北部目前唯一没有在干流建闸的入海河流,拥有广阔的滩涂和优良的航运条件。河口通量是河口治理和河口环境保护中的关键要素。为研究灌河口的盐及悬沙的输运,基于实测资料利用通量分解方法对灌河的盐及悬沙通量的空间分布、大-小潮与潮内的时间变化特征进行了探讨。研究认为：在口门以内的弯曲河段,盐通量在凸岸浅水区一般指向下游,在凹岸深槽处则指向上游。大、小潮期间悬沙通量则基本上为左侧指向上游、右侧指向下游;口外盐通量方向为NNE-NE,而且随径流量大小而稍有改变,口外悬沙通量方向在远岸区域表现为WNW-NNE,近岸G2测点的悬沙通量则指向口门;口门内外盐和悬沙通量的组成均基本以T1、T2和T4为主导,通量组成的总体特征在大、小潮期间基本类似。涨落潮流速最大时刻的悬沙通量不一定与流速方向一致,最大落潮流速时刻由于悬沙浓度可能小于平均值而导致悬沙净输运指向上游。     

长江口拦门沙河段航道回淤的水流动力环境*

对长江口拦门沙河段航道回淤的水流动力环境进行了研究,结果表明：1）长江口拦门沙河段的水流动力是引起北槽深水航道冲刷的基本动力,在长江口12.5 m深水航道贯通后,航槽内的水流冲刷能力沿程普遍增强;2）径流变化与北槽深水航道回淤无明显关系;3）在长江口拦门沙河段,水流是一种相对稳定的周期性变化动力,洪枯季无明显差别;4）天然情况下长江口拦门沙河段的河床时刻处于一种动态平衡中,决定这种平衡关系的是水流和波浪两种动力,当仅有水流动力作用时,长江口拦门沙河段的河床形态就不再处于平衡状态,主槽将往冲深方向发展。     

广东雷州电厂近岸沉积特征及泥沙运动

通过对广东雷州电厂海岸动力地貌进行调查,分析研究了厂址及周边海岸冲刷、堆积或平衡等不同地貌形态特征、岸线冲蚀形态、泥沙运动及海岸演变对电厂取排水深的影响。分析结果表明,水下沉积物以粉砂质粘土和粘土质粉砂分布为主,样品的平均中值粒径为0.0102mm,南部区域略粗于北中区域,从沉积物分布特点和趋势看,近岸与河口区物质偏粗,主要受近岸及河流的影响;而距岸不远的沉积泥沙中值粒径均在0.004mm左右,则明显受海向沉积泥沙的影响。由于工程区处于岬角且泥沙来源数量少,受波浪潮流共同作用,电厂工程区水域海床及岸线多年处于冲淤平衡的基本稳定状态。     

Nutrient and organic matter patterns across the Mackenzie River, estuary and shelf during the seasonal recession of sea-ice

Suspended material, nutrients and organic matter in Mackenzie River water were tracked along a 300 km transect from Inuvik (Northwest Territories, Canada), across the estuarine salinity gradient in Kugmallit Bay, to offshore marine stations on the adjacent Mackenzie Shelf. All particulates measured (SPM, POC, PN, PP) declined by 87–95% across the salinity gradient and levels were generally below conservative mixing. Organic carbon content of suspended material decreased from 3.1% in the river to 1.7% in shelf surface waters while particulate C:N concurrently decreased from 17.1 to 8.6. Nitrate and silicate concentrations declined by more than 90% across the salinity gradient, with nitrate concentrations often below the conservative mixing line. Phosphate concentrations increased from 0.03 μmol/L in the river to 0.27 μmol/L over shelf waters, thereby changing the inorganic nutrient regime downstream from P to N limitation. Dissolved organic carbon decreased conservatively offshore while dissolved organic N and P persisted at high levels in the Mackenzie plume relative to river water, increasing 2.7 and 25.3 times respectively. A deep chlorophyll-a maximum was observed at two offshore stations and showed increases in most nutrients, particulates and organic matter relative to the rest of the water column. During river passage through the Mackenzie estuary, particulate matter, dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrients showed sedimentation, dilution and biological uptake patterns common to other arctic and non-arctic estuaries. Alternatively, inorganic content of particles increased offshore and dissolved organic N and P increased substantially over the shelf, reaching concentrations among the highest reported for the Arctic Ocean. These observations are consistent with the presence of a remnant ice-constrained (‘stamukhi’) lake from the freshet period and a slow flushing river plume constrained by sea-ice in close proximity to shore. Nutrient limitation in surface shelf waters during the ARDEX cruise contributed to the striking deep chlorophyll-a maximum at 21 m where phytoplankton communities congregated at the margin of nutrient-rich deep ocean waters.     

天津港人工沙滩环抱水域泥沙回淤研究

为提高对环抱堤内水域的泥沙回淤状况的认识,以天津港东疆人工沙滩环抱堤内水域为实例,通过综合分析浑水现象调查、悬沙粒径时空分布、含沙量时空分布、余流等方面的资料得出了环抱堤内水域的泥沙来源,然后采用套图法计算了地形冲淤变化并分析了冲淤原因。结果表明,环抱堤内的浑水主要随涨潮水体自口门外流入;淤积区域的年均淤积厚度约为0.2 m,环流集中区所在的重淤积区的淤积厚度约为平均淤积厚度的2~4倍;口门约束形成的大流速和从口门直接入射的波浪,以及NE向小风区波浪的作用,造成口门—宾馆区沙滩水域出现深度约为0.2 m的冲刷带;环抱堤内水域的冲、淤分布与动力条件分布密切相关。     

瓯江下游河段污染物质滞留时间数值模拟研究

利用平面二维数学模型对瓯江下游守恒性污染物质滞留时间的空间变化及其对于径流、潮差、初始排放时刻的响应进行了研究.研究将瓯江梅岙至口门河段分为8个子区域分别进行数值试验.数学模型上、下游边界分别采用径流量和潮位控制.上游径流量选取5个代表性流量,下游选取大、中、小潮及混合潮型进行组合研究滞留时间的基本变化规律.研究认为,...     

长江口深水航道整治工程影响数值研究*

长江口深水航道整治工程使得南港北槽开通12.5 m水深航道,长江口河势及不同汊道动力条件随深水航道整治工程的完工发生了一系列的变化。利用长江口深水航道整治工程实施前后地形资料,分析出工程对长江口各汊道的地形变化的影响,同时应用上海河口海岸科学研究中心自主开发的平面二维模型模型计算了长江口流场变化,给出南北港、南北潮涨落潮分流比的变化,并分析了导致这种变化的主要原因。     

海南岛西南海域泥沙特征及地形演变

基于水文泥沙测验及遥感影像资料分析海南岛西南海域泥沙特征,采用不同沿岸输沙公式对比计算海域的波浪沿岸输沙量,采用多年实测地形数据研究岸滩的演变规律。结果表明:海域内含沙量大潮大于小潮,但总体上悬沙含量较低;研究海域内径流对输沙影响较为有限,但受沿岸波流输沙的影响相对较大;而海区的悬移质颗粒比较均匀,颗粒较细;沿岸段波浪沿岸输沙能力净输沙方向均为自南向北,年净输沙能力在6.72万~13.31万m~3;岸滩演变的主要动力是波浪、波生沿岸流和潮流共同作用导致东方市所辖岸线的变化总体以自然冲淤变化为主,但冲淤强度有限,变化幅度不大。     

Nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton development along an estuary–coastal zone continuum: A model study

This study presents a first attempt to quantify the biogeochemical transformations and fluxes of carbon and nutrients along the entire mixing zone of the shallow, tidally-dominated estuary–coastal zone continuum of the Scheldt (Belgium/The Netherlands). A fully transient, two-dimensional, nested-grid hydrodynamic model of the continuum is coupled to the biogeochemical MIRO model for the coastal zone and the CONTRASTE model for the estuary. Transient model simulations are performed with a high spatial (80–750 m) and temporal (30 min) resolution over a period of one year (January–December 1995). The high temporal resolution allows including the short-term variability triggered by the tides, the freshwater discharge and the wind stress. System scale simulations provide time series of nutrient transformations and fluxes along the entire estuary–coastal zone continuum, as well as highly resolved nutrient inventories for the estuarine and the coastal zone sub-domains. Simulation results reveal that the balance between highly variable estuarine nutrient inputs and physical constrains set by the unsteady residual transport field exert an important control on the magnitude and succession of phytoplankton blooms and the ecosystem structure in the coastal zone. In addition, they suggest that the poorly surveyed estuarine–coastal zone interface plays a central role in the continuum. In this dynamic area, marked spatial concentration gradients develop and episodically lead to a reversal of material fluxes from the coast into the estuary. During distinct episodes of the productive period, euryhaline coastal diatoms intrude far upstream into the saline estuary. This intrusion reduces the estuarine nutrient concentrations and export fluxes, thereby reinforcing the nutrient limitation in the coastal area. As a consequence, the estuarine filter does not operate independently from the processes in the coastal zone. The dynamic interplay between the two ecosystems and the intense process rates operating at their transition, therefore, strongly supports our continuum approach.     

泥沙粒度对航道回淤的指示——以丹东港出海航道为例

根据鸭绿江河口西水道水流、悬浮泥沙和底质粒度特征的分析,研究丹东港出海航道泥沙淤积的动力机制以及泥沙粒度对回淤的指示作用。分析表明,海域来沙为西水道的主要泥沙来源,泥沙运动以“波浪掀沙、潮流输沙”为主要特征;悬沙和底质粒度对比表明,上航道和中航道段航道回淤以悬沙落淤为主,下航道和外航道段航道回淤以底沙推移为主。航道回淤泥沙作为泥沙运动的“指示剂”,能够较好地揭示航道回淤的机理;采用刘家驹悬沙淤积模式和罗肇森底沙输移模式相结合的方法,估算丹东港大东港区20万吨级航道回淤量为679万m,,与物理模型试验结果较为接近,上述分析方法和公式可适用于砂质海岸航道回淤计算,也为类似航道回淤研究提供了重要的参考和借鉴。     

Seasonal upwelling underneath the Tsushima Warm Current along the Japanese shelf slope

Seasonal upwelling variations are examined in the eastward coastal boundary branches of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). The climatological pattern and the fundamental hydrographic structure of the seasonal appearance of cold water are revealed by analyzing the temperature profile data around the Japanese shelf area. Seasonal maps of temperature at the intermediate layer around 200 m depth show the rise of the main pycnocline along the Japanese coast due to seasonal subsurface cooling from May to September. The cold water areas appear around the strong curvature in the continental shelf break. These areas are confined to the south of the TWC thermal front, i.e., to the coastal boundary region. The seasonal appearance of the localized cooling areas implies that the seasonal upwelling is induced by horizontal variations in shelf topography and the intensifying TWC from May to September.