碳钢、低合金钢全浸没海洋环境下最大点蚀深度简化模型

腐蚀是导致老龄船舶结构失效的主要原因之一。结合基本点蚀原理,文章对碳钢、低合金钢海水全浸没点蚀的主要影响因素、具体点蚀进程做了简要解释与评述。基于Melchers点蚀深度模型及其相关实验数据,文中提出一种简化形式的新型点蚀最大深度模型,并采用该模型对三组我国船舶结构常用碳钢、低合金钢的青岛海域全浸没点蚀试验观测数据进行分析。通过对比验证,证明采用Weibull函数表示点蚀最大深度随时间变化关系是合适的。此外,依据青岛、厦门、榆林海域碳钢试验数据,文中还对海水环境因素,如:溶解氧浓度、平均温度、盐度、PH值等,以及钢材成分变化对新型最大点蚀深度模型各参数的影响进行了初步探讨,得出了相应的函数关系式及相关结论。     

Corrosion fatigue load frequency sensitivity analysis

This paper presents experimental assessment of crack growth rates of S355J2+N steel in a corrosion fatigue environment similar to what is experienced on offshore wind farm monopile structures under various cyclic load frequencies in order to assess the effect of cyclic frequency of the applied loading within a frequency range pertinent to the structure. Fatigue crack propagation behaviour in this test programme is evaluated through fatigue tests on six compact tension test specimens in air and in laboratory simulated seawater under free corrosion condition. Fatigue crack lengths were monitored by back face strain (BFS), DCPD and ACPD. A regression model was derived through the BFS method to express strain values as a function of crack length to width ratio. The effectiveness of BFS method is particularly demonstrated in the simulated marine environment. Within the range of test frequencies, crack growth rates in simulated seawater when compared to the equivalent air test revealed environmental reduction factors of 2 and 4 at lower and higher values of stress intensity factors respectively. Significant difference in the results of the seawater test frequencies is discussed.     

海工混凝土腐蚀成因与控制措施

海工混凝土构筑物由于自身的缺陷及海水的侵蚀，往往容易导致钢筋锈蚀，从而造成混凝土破坏。根据混凝土的腐蚀机理，从混凝土构筑物的工作环境出发分析延缓混凝土产生腐蚀破坏的途径及手段，从设计及施工的角度提出相应的工程措施。     

Corrosion rate measurements in steel sheet pile walls in a marine environment

Corrosion of steel structures in the marine environment is a major problem. The deterioration of this kind of structures is costly and difficult to predict both when designing new structures and when estimating the remaining service life time for existing structures. The aim of this investigation was to find indicative values for the corrosion rate of steel sheet piles on the Swedish west coast. Such corrosion rates (mm/year) can be used both when designing new structures by oversizing the steel thickness and when estimating the bearing capacity of existing sheet pile structures. Earlier investigations on the corrosion rates along the Swedish east coast – with salinity from about 0.2% to 0.8% – are still used today as guidelines for the corrosion rate of all steel structures in the Swedish maritime environment even though the salinity on the west coast can be as high as 3.0%.Steel sheet pile wharfs located in the port of Halmstad on the Swedish west coast were inspected by ultrasonic measurements. Three wharf structures with a total length of about 700 m were inspected. None of the inspected wharfs had or have had cathodic protection. The thickness measurements of the steel sheet pile structures were performed by divers.The age of the three inspected sheet pile structures ranged from 36 to 51 years. The dimensions of the original sheet pile sections are known. One of the quay structures is located along a river. The salinity at all wharfs varied from low values at the surface to approx. 2% at the bottom (also in the river outflow).The measured average corrosion rates were in the same order as the design values in the European code. However, the results indicate increased corrosion rates about 1 m below the mean water surface and at the level of the propellers from the ships berthing the most frequented of the inspected wharfs, 3–6 m below water surface.The tolerances of steel sheet thicknesses – usually in the order of ±6% – are often neglected when investigating the remaining thickness in steel sheet piles. A simple calculation model shows that the sheet pile must be almost 50 years of age before an accurate estimation on the corrosion rate can be made, considering the tolerances, if the true original sheet pile thickness is not known.     

牺牲阳极阴极保护工程质量控制方法及措施

由于以钢管桩作桩基的码头具有承重大,承受水平荷载大等优点,得到了广泛的应用。但在海洋环境下,钢结构电化学腐蚀的问题非常突出。目前,海水中一般采用阴极保护方法来防止钢桩的电化学侵蚀。文章论述了天津港码头钢结构牺牲阳极阴极保护工程的施工方法和质量控制标准及措施。     

Risk-based strategies for the next generation of maintenance and inspection programs

The maritime industry has seen an ever-increasing interest in applying risk-based approaches to better manage the integrity of ships and offshore units in service. The recent initiatives related to IMO in setting Goal Based Standards will also be reflected in justification of maintenance and inspection regimes for marine assets from a performance based standpoint. The development of risk-based strategies for the next generation of maintenance and inspection programs for various ship includes the application of Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) for machinery systems and Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) for hull structures and fixed equipment systems.     

超长大直径海工混凝土桩基冬季施工技术

国内外超长大直径高性能海工混凝土严冬施工方面的经验、研究比较少，辽河特大桥39号主墩钻孔桩施工过程中，针对辽河潮汐影响的海水环境及东北地区特殊的冬季气候条件，将海水泥浆、海工混凝土和冬季施工桩基的方法结合在一起，最终成功实施，丰富了在不同水文及气候条件下大直径超长桩基础的施工方法。     

Creep analysis of cementitious materials in seawater using a poro-chemo-mechanical model

With the rapid growth of the offshore engineering sector, studying the durability of offshore structures becomes primordial. Evaluating experimentally the coupling between mechanical and chemical degradation of the cement-based materials and structures is a challenging task because it requires tracking the evolution of the micro-mechanisms associated with the degradation in real time for long periods. To tackle this issue, a numerical approach is proposed, based on the micromechanics and the coupling between a creep-damage model and a chemical model at the microstructural scale. The seawater chemical effect on cement paste is simulated by considering the penetration fronts of the aggressive water and the attack by layers in the material. The aim of this study is to provide a tool for the rapid mechanical evaluation of the offshore structures and therefore a tool that can be used for the optimization and the development of durable marine constructions. The results highlight the competition between protective and damaged layers formed due to seawater attack, and that the global mechanical behaviour strongly depends on the chemically modified phases in the cement paste.     

Experimental assessment of the ultimate strength of a box girder subjected to severe corrosion

The objective of this paper is to describe the experimental assessment of the ultimate strength of a severely corroded box girder subjected to a uniform bending moment resulting from four-point loading. Three box girders that could simulate the behaviour of midship sections have been deteriorated in corrosive seawater environment to simulate different levels of corrosion degradation of ageing ship structures. During the deterioration process, various parameters have been controlled and the total weight lost was registered. Corroded plate thicknesses have been measured in 212 points and a statistical analysis has been performed. The resulting corrosion wastage has been fitted by a non-linear time variant degradation model. The experimental results of the ultimate strength test of a severely corroded box girder subjected to a four-point loading have been analysed. The load-displacement and moment-curvature relationship is discussed, different failure modes are identified, and the strain gauges readings are analysed.     

316L金属波纹管腐蚀机理分析

316L不锈钢是一种耐蚀性较好的奥氏体不锈钢,用其加工制造的金属波纹管在海水环境中短时间内出现腐蚀穿孔现象,影响系统运行安全。本文通过对金属波纹管腐蚀形貌观察,对其材料的成分、金相组织、夹杂物、腐蚀产物、电化学特性和使用工况、生产工艺等方面进行检验和分析,得出了金属波纹管短时间内点蚀穿孔的原因,并提出延长金属波纹管使用寿命的方法。     

Welding-induced residual stresses and distortions of butt-welded corroded and intact plates

The welding-induced residual stresses and distortions of butt-welds between non-corroded and corroded steel plates are studied experimentally and numerically, simulating a repair in an aged structure. Butt welds are made between plates with different corrosion levels and intact ones, and temperature distributions and distortions have been measured. Finite element analyses of the butt-welded corroded and non-corroded plates are performed to estimate the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses for different levels of corrosion degradation. The environmental conditions during the welding repair process are also accounted for. Experimentally evaluated mechanical properties of corroded steel plates as a function of the temperature during the welding process are employed in non-linear finite element analyses. The importance of the material properties as a function of the severity of the steel plates' corrosion degradation on the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses is also quantified. This study shows the importance of considering the ageing of steel in the repair process. The developed methodology allows critical operational decisions to be made with greater ease and confidence in analysing the welding-induced distortions and residual stresses when ageing structures are repaired to extend their service life. Furthermore, different welding sequence scenarios may be analysed to identify the most appropriate repair solution in minimising the repair cost.     

2Cr13转动座腐蚀原因分析

针对某2Cr13转动座出现的腐蚀坑现象,从多个角度对产生腐蚀的原因进行了分析,提出了为提高该类转动座在使用环境中的耐蚀性,在冶炼、制造工艺和维护保养等方面可采取的一些改进措施.     

RFID wireless system for detection of water in the annulus of a flexible pipe

Corrosive environments are responsible for the highest degree of degradation and failure in marine structures. The presence of sea water in marine structures such as flexible pipes can cause a significant reduction in their operational life, especially when associated with permeated gases, which could lead to corrosion related failure mechanisms such as corrosion-fatigue and hydrogen cracking. The ingress of sea water into flexible pipes can occur either due to ruptures in their external polymeric sheath or to permeation of condensed water from the pipe bore. This event since flooding of the so-called annular space of flexible pipes is the trigger for all knows corrosion assisted failure modes, it is clear that a system that is able to reliably detect the presence of water in the structure is highly desirable. This work will describe a radio frequency identification (RFID) system designed for this purpose; it relies on the measurement of shifts in the resonance frequency of specially-designed tags which would be inserted within the layers of the flexible pipe during manufacturing. This paper shows the design and validation process of these tags and also of a reader which is meant to be scanned along the outside surface of the pipe by a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV). The study was performed through a finite element analysis and a test in which the tags were inserted within a full-scale mock-up of a flexible riser, which was then flooded with synthetic seawater. Results show that the shift in response due to sea water is clearly identifiable and distinguishable from other effects.     

海洋工程钢结构腐蚀防护的研究进展

钢结构在海水中腐蚀损伤具有复杂性和多样性的特点,对其进行研究存在一定的挑战性。针对海洋工程装备的腐蚀问题,对钢结构在海水中的腐蚀机理、防腐寿命预测和评估进行概述。对比涂料防腐技术、金属涂层防腐技术、电化学防腐技术发现:国外有严格的国家环保法规,国内环保立法滞后,尤其涉及到高压低温环境中应用困难。     

船舶海水管路缝隙腐蚀密封性能失效分析及其防护措施

缝隙腐蚀是一种很普遍的局部腐蚀。船舶管路通常在有海水存在的金属之间,以及金属与非金属之间构成的狭窄缝隙内发生腐蚀。B10和HDR双相不锈钢在船舶海水管路使用过程中均出现了不同程度的缝隙腐蚀。文章从腐蚀电化学的某些层面厘清缝隙腐蚀产生的机理,重点针对HDR双相不锈钢缝隙腐蚀实样进行SEM形貌分析和EDS能谱分析,得出缝隙腐蚀的成因和影响因素,并提出若干相应防护措施。     

舰船海水管系电偶腐蚀及其防护措施

HDR双相不锈钢和B10铜镍合金是舰船海水管系中广泛使用的两种金属材料,当与其他金属在海水中偶接,就必然会发生电偶腐蚀。发生电偶腐蚀过程的根本原因是溶液中有去极化剂存在。文章从腐蚀电化学的某些层面厘清HDR、B10海水管系电偶腐蚀的机理,分析了海水管系电偶腐蚀的原因,并提出若干防护措施。     

海洋与乡村环境中低碳钢大气腐蚀动力学研究（英文）

In continuation of the extensive studies carried out to update the corrosion map of India, in this study, the degradation of mild steel by air pollutants was studied at 16 different locations from Nagore to Ammanichatram along the east coast of Tamilnadu, India over a period of two years. The weight loss study showed that the mild steel corrosion was more at Nagapattinam site, when compared to Ammanichatram and Maravakadu sites. A linear regression analysis of the experimental data was attempted to predict the mechanism of the corrosion. The composition of the corrosion products formed on the mild steel surfaces was identified by XRD technique. The corrosion rate values obtained are discussed in the light of the weathering parameters, atmospheric pollutants such as salt content & SO2 levels in the atmosphere, corrosion products formed on the mild steel surfaces.     

包覆防护系统在高桩码头钢管桩维护中的设计与应用

结合我国华南地区处于海水环境的某码头工程钢管桩的维护,分析钢管桩的腐蚀特点,对比选择防腐蚀措施,最终在钢管桩腐蚀最严重的浪溅区及水位变动区选用了包覆防护系统设计并进行工程实践论证。有效解决了该区域传统措施防护年限不足的难题,取得优异的防护效果,为类似工程的设计及施工提供参考。     

Marine field test for steel reinforcement embedded in mortar: Coupled influence of the environmental conditions on corrosion

This paper studied the environmental conditions and corrosion behaviour of mortar samples at two different marine tidal zones and investigated the correlation among the environmental conditions, corrosion rates, and corrosion products. From the experimental results, the concrete structure damage is a function of numerous correlated factors such as the temperature, humidity, and corrosion products. The chloride penetration rate increased by 15% when the humidity increased by 10% and temperature increased 4 °C. Chloride content is the main factor intensifying the reinforcement corrosion. Although the high temperature, humidity, and chloride concentration aggravate the early corrosion of reinforcement, the role of resultant corrosion products shows more important in the developing stage of corrosion damage. The resultant corrosion products affect further corrosion persistence in a complex way, because in some cases, corrosion products-caused cracks will promote corrosion, while in others, corrosion is reduced by sealing the pores with products.     

Dynamite Fishing in a Marine Protected Area in Tanzania: Why Youth Perceptions Matter

Young men in coastal Tanzania are often blamed for damaging marine habitats by engaging in unsustainable and destructive fishing practices, including dynamite fishing, but their perceptions have not been sufficiently documented. While marine scientists, international environmental NGOs, and activists have called attention to the destructive fishing practices’ devastating impacts, insights into the contextual factors that motivate those who engage in dynamite fishing are limited. Additionally, risk perceptions and concerns regarding the environmental impact and dangers of dynamite fishing among the youth are also understudied. This paper provides ethnographic insights into the historical and contextual factors underlying dynamite fishing in rural coastal Mtwara. It draws on ethnographic data gathered through participant observation, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with residents from two neighboring coastal villages – one located inside a marine protected area (MPA), and another located outside the MPA’s boundary. The paper first examines the views of elderly men and women to provide the historical context of dynamite fishing in coastal Mtwara. It then juxtaposes youth perceptions regarding marine conservation and dynamite fishing in the two villages, vis-à-vis ongoing efforts to curb destructive fishing practices and to enhance marine biodiversity and ecotourism in the region. Results of the study reveal that unresolved tensions between the MPA authorities and local fishers surrounding enforcement practices and unfulfilled gear-exchange-related promises, and allegations of poor governance, are important contextual factors in the persistence of dynamite fishing. The paper concludes by articulating possible remedial measures to mitigate the tensions between youth concerns about their livelihoods, and the goals of marine biodiversity conservation as a way forward in preventing dynamite fishing.