摩擦-电磁耦合制动系统及制动模式切换控制算法研究

为实现电控制动,提出一种摩擦-电磁耦合制动系统及其制动模式切换控制算法。根据摩擦-电磁耦合制动系统结构,设计了耦合制动系统混杂控制模型,提出制动模式切换动态协调算法并对算法进行了改进。通过试验平台对控制算法和制动系统性能进行了仿真,结果表明,制动模式切换动态协调算法保证了耦合制动系统在制动模式切换时的稳定性,摩擦-电磁耦合制动系统制动性能良好,提高了制动舒适性。     

分布式驱动电动汽车电液复合ABS控制研究

针对分布式驱动电动汽车四轮电机回馈制动力矩和液压制动力矩均独立可调的特点,提出了一种电液复合防抱死制动分层控制策略。上层为基于积分滑模的滑移率控制,下层为基于模式切换的电液制动力矩分配,根据调节系数、力矩调节需求量、最大回馈制动力矩以及液压制动门限值等参数,将力矩分配分为7种模式,并通过仿真验证了不同车速高、低附着路面下的控制策略,结果表明,所提出的控制策略实现了液压制动维持相对稳定值和回馈制动快速补偿剩余值的设想,改善了滑移率控制精度。     

商用车防抱死制动系统的应用和发展

随着我国汽车技术水平的升级及人们对车辆安全要求的逐步提高,近年来用于提高车辆主动安全的防抱死制动系统（ABS-Anti-lock Braking System）已被越来越多地运用在商用车上。ABS是防止在紧急制动时车轮被抱死的电子控制系统,在紧急制动时保持车辆的可操纵性;缩短和优化制动距离,在低附着路面上,制动距离缩短10％;保持了最优化的路面附着系数利用率;减少了轮胎磨损和维修费用。     

一种附着系数-滑移率曲线的测定方法

汽车防抱死制动系统（ABS）依据附着系数-滑移率曲线对车辆轮速进行调节,使车辆达到最好的制动效果。但不同路面的附着系数-滑移率曲线不同,且附着系数的峰值和对应的最佳滑移率也不同。为便于车辆在不同路面均达到更好的ABS控制效果,文章提出一种附着系数-滑移率曲线的测定方法,可实时计算附着系数-滑移率曲线。     

可变附着系数路面上的自动紧急制动避撞安全策略研究

针对路面条件变化时紧急制动系统易出现的制动时机决策失准问题,提出基于车辆运动学的动态决策增强安全模型的紧急制动策略。首先,依据目标车加减速状态细化工况,基于车辆速度与加速度建立动态决策安全模型,以提高极端工况下控制策略对车辆动态行驶速度的适应性。接着,以无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法连续辨识获得道路附着系数,通过系列道路条件下对实车和模型的制动性能试验建立路况与车辆减速能力的关系,根据道路条件实时更新模型依赖的极限减速度参数,进一步增强控制策略安全性和对动态道路条件的适应性。最后,通过附着系数连续多变路面工况试验和中国新车评价规程(C-NCAP)测试工况试验,对控制策略进行验证。结果表明,滤波算法具备精准的辨识效果;而自动紧急制动策略可在变化附着系数路面上实现对制动时机的准确决断。     

汽车ABS制动过程中道路识别方法研究

车辆防抱死控制系统（ABS）的目标控制参数在不同路面上存在很大差异,所以在不同路况下汽车电控系统所采取的控制策略和算法也有所差别。以汽车主动安全装置ABS为基础,在建立了车辆模型和进行滑移率估算的前提下．设计了道路识别控制器。考虑到轮胎非线性的影响,对变附着系数路面进行了ABS制动模拟试验。结果表明：基于路面识别技术的ABS控制系统能准确判断出路面状况,并据此调整控制策略,以使车辆获得最大的制动减速度和最短的制动距离。试验表明．该系统具有较好的跟踪性。     

基于模型预测的主动前轮转向与直接横摆力偶矩协同控制研究

为提高中低附着系数路面下车辆的侧向稳定性，构建了基于模型预测控制（MPC）的主动前轮转向（AFS）及直接横摆力偶矩（DYC）协同控制器，其决策层基于MPC获取附加横摆力偶矩，执行层由AFS和DYC控制协同修正前轮转角或施加轮缸制动压力。在双移线（DLC）工况下仿真验证了该策略的有效性，结果表明：路面附着系数为0.25时，车身侧偏角和横摆角速度分别稳定于-3.5°～3.5°和-16～16 (°)/s内，纵向车速稳定于88 km/h左右；路面附着系数为0.40时，纵向车速、车身侧偏角与横摆角速度等稳定性指标均有明显改善。综合分析表明，该AFS-DYC协同控制策略可显著改善中低附着系数条件下的操纵稳定性。     

基于PSO-BP优化MPC的无人驾驶汽车路径跟踪控制研究

针对模型预测控制（MPC）路径跟踪控制器在不同路面附着系数及车速下跟踪误差大的问题，提出了基于粒子群寻优（PSO）-反向传播（BP）神经网络优化MPC的无人驾驶汽车路径跟踪控制策略。首先，设计了MPC路径跟踪控制器；其次，利用PSO-BP对MPC进行优化，以控制器精度和车辆稳定性作为评价函数，获得PSO离线最优时域参数；最后，选择4种工况进行双移线跟踪对比仿真验证。结果表明：所提出的控制策略在保证行驶稳定性的条件下，低路面附着系数低速、高路面附着系数低速、高路面附着系数高速及中路面附着系数中速工况下双移线跟踪横向控制精度分别提高了50%、55%、9%和20%。     

基于路面附着系数估计的车辆轨迹跟踪控制

针对车辆在高速转向和不同路面附着系数下的轨迹跟踪控制问题，基于模型预测控制理论提出了一种考虑路面附着系数的变侧偏角约束MPC控制策略。根据魔术公式轮胎模型分析轮胎的侧偏特性以及不同附着系数对轮胎侧偏角-侧向力线性区的影响，建立轮胎侧偏角约束与不同路面附着系数的函数关系；采用遗传算法（GA）优化BP神经网络模型设计路面附着系数估计器，将估计结果作为与轮胎侧偏角约束相关的变量传递到MPC控制器中；最后在MPC控制器中建立系统控制量约束、控制增量约束，以及考虑路面附着系数的变侧偏角约束，将不同路面附着系数工况下的轨迹跟踪问题转化为多约束条件下最优值求解问题，实现轨迹跟踪和车辆稳定性控制。仿真和试验结果表明，考虑路面附着系数变化的MPC控制方法相对传统MPC控制方法在各种工况下具有更高的轨迹跟踪精度和更好的车辆稳定性，GA-BP神经网络路面系数估计方法具有很高的估计精度。     

A Research on the ABS Test Method for Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicle Equipped with Viscous Coupler

装备黏性联轴器的四驱车辆在进行防抱死制动系统的试验中,按照传统的使单轴制动失效的办法获得的低附路面附着系数远高于试验路面实际的附着系数.文中通过分析揭示了其原因是:单轴制动失效时前、后轴轮胎滑移率变化造成转速差过大而产生驼峰现象,前、后轴形成准刚性连接而共同参与制动.因此,装备黏性联轴器的四驱车辆在进行ABS路面附着系数试验时应将黏性联轴器输入轴拆除,使之仅有单轴参与制动,才能获得正确的路面附着系数.     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

分布式驱动电动汽车回馈制动失效的液压补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车各驱动轮转速和转矩可以单独精确控制，便于实现整车动力学控制和制动能量回馈，从而提升车辆的主动安全性和行驶经济性。但车辆在回馈制动过程中，一旦1台电机突发故障，其他电机产生的制动力矩将对整车形成附加横摆力矩，从而造成车辆失稳，此时虽可通过截断异侧对应电机制动力矩输出来保证行驶方向，但会使车辆制动力大幅衰减或丧失，同样不利于行车安全。为了解决此问题，提出并验证一种基于电动助力液压制动系统的制动压力补偿控制方法，力图有效保证整车制动安全性。以轮毂电机驱动汽车为例，首先建立了整车动力学模型以及轮毂电机模型，通过仿真验证了回馈制动失效的整车失稳特性以及电机转矩截断控制的不足；然后，建立了电动助力液压制动系统模型，并通过原理样机的台架试验验证了模型的准确性；接着，基于滑模控制算法设计了制动压力补偿控制器，并在单侧电机再生制动失效后的转矩截断控制基础上完成了液压制动补偿控制效果仿真验证；最后，通过实车试验证明了所提控制方法的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明：在分布式驱动电动汽车单侧电机再生制动失效工况下，通过异侧电机转矩截断控制和制动系统的液压主动补偿，能够使车辆快速恢复稳定行驶并满足制动强度需求。     

An integrated control strategy for the composite braking system of an electric vehicle with independently driven axles

For an electric vehicle with independently driven axles, an integrated braking control strategy was proposed to coordinate the regenerative braking and the hydraulic braking. The integrated strategy includes three modes, namely the hybrid composite mode, the parallel composite mode and the pure hydraulic mode. For the hybrid composite mode and the parallel composite mode, the coefficients of distributing the braking force between the hydraulic braking and the two motors' regenerative braking were optimised offline, and the response surfaces related to the driving state parameters were established. Meanwhile, the six-sigma method was applied to deal with the uncertainty problems for reliability. Additionally, the pure hydraulic mode is activated to ensure the braking safety and stability when the predictive failure of the response surfaces occurs. Experimental results under given braking conditions showed that the braking requirements could be well met with high braking stability and energy regeneration rate, and the reliability of the braking strategy was guaranteed on general braking conditions.     

Transient switching control strategy from regenerative braking to anti-lock braking with a semi-brake-by-wire system

Regenerative braking is an important technology in improving fuel economy of an electric vehicle (EV). However, additional motor braking will change the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, leading to braking instability, especially when the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is triggered. In this paper, a novel semi-brake-by-wire system, without the use of a pedal simulator and fail-safe device, is proposed. In order to compensate for the hysteretic characteristics of the designed brake system while ensure braking reliability and fuel economy when the ABS is triggered, a novel switching compensation control strategy using sliding mode control is brought forward. The proposed strategy converts the complex coupling braking process into independent control of hydraulic braking and regenerative braking, through which a balance between braking performance, braking reliability, braking safety and fuel economy is achieved. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy is effective and adaptable in different road conditions while the large wheel slip rate is triggered during a regenerative braking course. The research provides a new possibility of low-cost equipment and better control performance for the regenerative braking in the EV and the hybrid EV.     

Modeling and control of an anti-lock brake and steering system for cooperative control on split-mu surfaces

The brake and steering systems in vehicles are the most effective actuators that directly affect the vehicle dynamics. In general, the brake system affects the longitudinal dynamics and the steering system affects the lateral dynamics; however, their effects are coupled when the vehicle is braking on a non-homogenous surface, such as a split-mu road. The yaw moment compensation of the steering control on a split-mu road is one of the basic functions of integrated or coordinated chassis control systems and has been demonstrated by several chassis suppliers. However, the disturbance yaw moment is generally compensated for using the yaw rate feedback or using wheel brake pressure measurement. Access to the wheel brake pressure through physical sensors is not cost effective; therefore, we modeled the hydraulic brake system to avoid using physical sensors and to estimate the brake pressure. The steering angle controller was designed to mitigate the non-symmetric braking force effect and to stabilize the yaw rate dynamics of the vehicle. An H-infinity design synthesis was used to take the system model and the estimation errors into account, and the designed controller was evaluated using vehicle tests.     

Combined control of a regenerative braking and antilock braking system for hybrid electric vehicles

Most parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) employ both a hydraulic braking system and a regenerative braking system to provide enhanced braking performance and energy regeneration. A new design of a combined braking control strategy (CBCS) is presented in this paper. The design is based on a new method of HEV braking torque distribution that makes the hydraulic braking system work together with the regenerative braking system. The control system meets the requirements of a vehicle longitudinal braking performance and gets more regenerative energy charge back to the battery. In the described system, a logic threshold control strategy (LTCS) is developed to adjust the hydraulic braking torque dynamically, and a fuzzy logic control strategy (FCS) is applied to adjust the regenerative braking torque dynamically. With the control strategy, the hydraulic braking system and the regenerative braking system work synchronously to assure high regenerative efficiency and good braking performance, even on roads with a low adhesion coefficient when emergency braking is required. The proposed braking control strategy is steady and effective, as demonstrated by the experiment and the simulation.     

基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法

智能电动汽车的发展对制动系统的主动制动和再生制动能力提出了更高的要求。配备真空助力器的传统制动系统难以满足智能电动汽车的需求，因此逐渐被线控制动系统所取代。为提高线控制动系统的集成度与解耦能力，提出了一种新型集成式电液制动系统（Integrated Braking Control System，IBC），能够实现主动制动、再生制动、失效备份等功能。作为机-电-液耦合的高集成度系统，IBC具有复杂的非线性特性和动态摩擦特性，对制动系统压力的精确控制提出了挑战。为了提高IBC制动压力动态控制精度，提出了一种基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法。首先，介绍了IBC的结构原理和控制架构。随后针对液压系统的迟滞特性和传动机构的摩擦特性进行建模与测试。然后基于系统的强非线性特性，提出了主动制动三层闭环级联控制器，其中压力控制层采用液压特性前馈与变增益反馈结合的控制策略，伺服层控制器设计考虑了机构惯性补偿与摩擦补偿，电机控制层采用矢量控制并进行了电压前馈解耦。最后，基于dSPACE设备搭建了硬件在环（Hardware-in-the-loop，HiL）试验台对主动压力控制方法进行验证。结果表明：所提出的压力控制方法能控制制动系统压力快速精确跟随期望压力，使动态压力跟随误差控制在0.4 MPa之内，稳态压力误差控制在0.1 MPa之内。     

Vehicle Dynamic Control for In-Wheel Electric Vehicles Via Temperature Consideration of Braking Systems

?Vehicle dynamic control (VDC) systems play an important role with regard to vehicle stability and safety when turning. VDC systems prevent vehicles from spinning or slipping when cornering sharply by controlling vehicle yaw moment, which is generated by braking forces. Thus, it is important to control braking forces depending on the driving conditions of the vehicle. The required yaw moment to stabilize a vehicle is calculated through optimal control and a combination of braking forces used to generate the calculated yaw moment. However, braking forces can change due to frictional coefficients being affected by variations in temperature. This can cause vehicles to experience stability problems due an improper yaw moment being applied to the vehicle. In this paper, a brake temperature estimator based on the finite different method (FDM) was proposed with a friction coefficient estimator in order to solve this problem. The developed braking characteristic estimation model was used to develop a VDC cooperative control algorithm using hydraulic braking and the regenerative braking of an in-wheel motor. Performance simulations of the developed cooperative control algorithm were performed through cosimulation with MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim. From the simulation results, it was verified that vehicle stability was ensured despite any changes in the braking characteristics due to brake temperatures.     

2018版C-NCAP及对汽车电子系统的新要求

介绍2018版的新车评价规程(C-NCAP)对主动安全系统的电子控制系统提出的新要求。基于智能交通的汽车自动紧急制动系统是先进安全技术的一项重要内容,本文着重介绍自动紧急制动系统的功能、分层架构前端传感系、底层执行系统、系统架构、AEB控制策略及AEB与ABS协调控制。最后还介绍新版规则对纯电动汽车/混合动力汽车(EV/HEV)的测试项。     

刹车状况下桥上随机车流动态演化及车-桥耦合振动分析

为实现刹车时桥上多状态车流并行动态演化的高真实度模拟和时变汽车荷载与桥梁运动状态的时时耦合，首先从宏观和微观上丰富随机车流模拟方法，宏观上沿用交通荷载调查数据中的车辆顺序、车辆基本特性等不变量，以车辆间距为服从正态分布的限幅随机变量，形成深度融合交通荷载调查数据和交通流理论的随机车流高真实度仿真方法；微观上对车辆间距随机变量确定的关键状态-阻塞状态，引入加权速度，实现阻塞密度时车流的走走停停动态描述，采用考虑驾驶人状态的概率分布方法确定车辆时距；实现多密度随机车流的高真实度仿真。其次细化刹车过程模拟，建立车流差异化刹车模型：采用顺次对比方法，筛选桥长范围最不利刹车车流；引入停车视距，考虑驾驶人反应，区分头车和跟驰车辆，精细模拟车辆刹车动态过程和刹车车流演化过程，差异化确定各车辆刹车参数；实现桥上多状态车流并行动态演化模拟。第三建立刹车力学模型，并融入至已有正常车流的车-桥耦合系统，构建可考虑刹车状态的分析系统。最后确定桥梁典型响应和分析指标，以一座大跨斜拉桥为例，对多刹车工况下的桥梁响应进行分析。结果表明：桥上刹车状况一般会产生超过正常行驶状况下的桥梁响应，最不利单车道刹车状况下的塔根弯矩甚至达到跑车工况的2.7倍，简单采用规范冲击系数方法很难实现刹车响应的包络；刹车过程中的桥梁响应最值不仅与采取刹车的车辆数目和桥上车辆保有量有关，还受刹车作用与桥梁原响应趋势的顺逆程度控制；桥梁及桥上刹停车辆的总质量和桥上正常行驶的车辆决定桥梁响应时程曲线趋势振幅；典型桥梁响应的总体趋势，与车流密度和刹车车道数相关性较小，不同时段车流会对梁端顺桥向位移和塔根弯矩产生影响。