浅埋软弱围岩隧道变形特征研究

软弱围岩隧道受开挖扰动影响变形明显,施工中若稍有不慎,就会导致隧道塌方。文章以厦门莲岳隧道A匝道隧道为工程背景,结合隧道所处地质条件,采用数值模拟和现场监测相结合的方法,对浅埋软弱围岩隧道变形特征进行了研究。结果表明,对于软弱围岩隧道,不论是全断面开挖还是台阶法开挖,掌子面挤出位移最大,拱顶下沉和地表沉降次之,洞周收敛最小;隧道围岩变形可以分为掌子面前方的先行变形和掌子面后方变形,围岩条件越差,先行变形越大,约占总变形的10%~30%;采用台阶法等分部开挖工法,可减小对掌子面前方围岩的影响范围及变形。在对浅埋软弱围岩隧道的周边环境有严格变形控制要求时,要采取更为严格的预加固措施来控制隧道施工引起的围岩变形,以确保隧道施工及周边环境的安全。     

大断面浅埋偏压隧道CRD法施工工序研究

文章以良村隧道CRD法施工为工程背景,布设了变形监测点及内力测试元件,分析了CRD法施工隧道围岩变形情况及结构内力特征,并对CRD法施工隧道在不同开挖顺序下的开挖过程进行了数值模拟,分析比较了不同开挖顺序时的围岩位移、应力变化情况。结果表明:CRD法对各分部施工工序影响较大,且各分部对拱顶下沉的影响程度从大至小依次为1部、2部、3部和4部;隧道内侧围岩压力大于外侧,钢支撑内力均为压应力,且拱腰位置轴力大于其它部位。比较隧道开挖变形的差异以及结构的受力特点,结合数值分析结果,得出了山体外侧先开挖方案无论在围岩变形还是隧道结构受力方面相比于山体外侧后开挖都较小,安全系数相对较高。因此,合理的施工工序应该是先进行山体外侧开挖并施作初期支护,然后再在山体内侧开挖施工。     

软岩大跨径浅埋隧道工法对比研究

文章以广西某高速公路软弱围岩下浅埋大断面隧道为研究背景,采用MIDAS GTS-NX建立三维模型,动态模拟分析在新意法和新奥法(以双侧壁导坑法为例)两种施工方法指导下,隧道围岩的应力、变形及结构受力情况,研究这两类施工理念在软弱围岩环境下对隧道施工全过程稳定性的影响,并得出以下结论:(1)软岩环境下,隧道掌子面中部容易失稳,对超前核心土加固后能显著提高超前核心土的承载能力,有效控制掌子面挤出变形,保障施工安全;(2)新意法开挖机械化程度提高,能加快施工进度,节约施工成本;(3)新意法减少了对隧道围岩的扰动次数,能更加有效地利用围岩的自稳能力。     

浅埋暗挖隧道围岩预加固机理及稳定性分析

隧道工程中浅埋暗挖隧道施工软弱围岩的稳定性及地层变形控制是一个十分重要的问题。文章分析了浅埋暗挖地铁隧道开挖后围岩扰动带变形特性、表征方法,稳定性分析方法。利用特征曲线法及莫尔-库仑强度理论分析了地层预加固机理。以国内常用的管棚预加固技术为例,提出了利用混合物理论中体积分数概念来分析加固效果的方法,并给出了应用实例。有限元实例计算分析结果表明:采用管棚预加固技术加固隧道拱部可降低地表沉降,但对降低开挖面挤出效应效果有限。     

高海拔软弱围岩条件下小净距隧道施工技术

本文根据大武至久治公路隧道地处高海拔软弱围岩地区的实际情况,对高海拔地区软弱围岩条件下小净距隧道施工技术进行了研究,施工采用新奥法和相应控制爆破技术,确定了合理的开挖方法,严格控制爆破装药量,开挖后喷锚支护及时跟进,确保隧道围岩的稳定;同时施工过程接受监控量测数据信息的动态指导,施工过程安全受控。     

软弱隧道围岩锚杆支护效应的落门试验研究

在软弱围岩中进行隧道开挖,往往因岩体变形过分或局部应力集中而导致围岩失稳破坏,在实际工程中大多采用锚杆作早期支护。文章以Ⅳ级软弱围岩为参照对象,利用相似模型试验进行了锚杆支护条件下的隧道施工过程模拟,对开挖过程中围岩的渐进破坏特征、破坏模式以及锚杆的支护效应进行了研究。试验结果表明,隧道开挖将会在隧道周边形成一应力扰动区,而真正塌落成拱的只是该扰动区的一部分;由于有锚杆的支承作用,拱顶岩体的破坏呈分区破坏模式;岩体的破坏范围主要集中在隧道两侧与水平面成45°+φ/2的扇形区域内;在隧道开挖后,拱顶上方岩体的切向应力升高形成承载压力拱,主要位于距拱顶约1.0~1.25B处(B为隧道跨度)。     

二道垭隧道塌方原因分析与处理技术

处在断裂构造带附近的长大隧道洞室在开挖施工过程中,围岩出露往往复杂多变,因此,复杂的地质条件特别是软弱围岩常给长大隧道施工带来重重困难。文章结合二道垭隧道在软弱围岩施工过程中的塌方事故,分析了导致塌方的具体原因,并提出了相应的施工处理方案和相关建议。     

花甲山隧道软弱围岩施工技术

文章以花甲山隧道软弱围岩施工为研究对象,阐述了隧道洞口段、洞身段施工的工艺及方法,提出了软弱围岩的施工注意事项,并对隧道软弱围岩施工效果进行了探讨。     

胡麻岭隧道泥岩段改制机具施工技术

文章结合胡麻岭隧道的泥岩特性,通过改变挖掘机挖斗斗齿的长度及与围岩的接触面积,解决了国内软弱围岩地层采用钻爆法开挖及普通机械开挖存在的扰动大、超挖严重、效率低下等问题,使其形成快速施工能力.     

不同地质条件浅埋偏压小净距隧道施工力学效应研究

在不同地质条件下浅埋偏压小净距隧道的施工力学效应会有很大不同,尤其在半软半硬岩层中,隧道开挖会破坏软硬岩层交界处软弱围岩的稳定性,其施工力学效应更为特殊。文章采用有限差分软件FLAC3D对15种工况下隧道开挖进行了模拟,对均质硬岩、均质软岩和竖向半软半硬岩中不同净距隧道的拱顶沉降、中岩墙的水平位移、中岩墙最大主应力和围岩塑性区进行了分析。结果表明,均质硬岩隧道拱顶沉降最小,竖向半软半硬岩隧道拱顶沉降和硬岩比较接近,软弱围岩隧道拱顶沉降最大;竖向半软半硬岩隧道中岩柱上部围岩稳定性较差,中部水平位移最大;隧道开挖引起软岩侧洞室上覆盖层围岩稳定性变差,可能引起隧道坍塌。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.