ELPI在重型车车载PM测试中的应用研究

把ELPI用于重型柴油车车载试验中的PM测量,探索ELPI在车载试验中的可行性。通过一个瞬时工况的颗粒物排放分析,研究重型柴油车辆在实际工况中的颗粒物排放特征。发现ELPI在车载试验中的数据具有较好的重复性,根据颗粒物排放的数量浓度峰值,认为控制1μm以下粒径的颗粒物排放是降低重型车颗粒物排放的研究方向。     

汽油车和天然气汽车颗粒物排放特性研究

利用颗粒物数量测试仪器ELPI对瞬态循环下的汽油车和天然气汽车的颗粒物排放进行了测量研究,研究结果表明:汽油车排放的颗粒物明显多于天然气汽车,两种燃料车辆排放的颗粒物中粒径小于70nm的颗粒物均占绝对优势,占总排放量的80%～90%;大于200nm的颗粒物在总排放颗粒物中占的比例非常小;颗粒物数量排放浓度与车辆速度基本成正比例关系,颗粒物数量排放随速度的增加而增加;在车辆速度大于70km/h后,颗粒物数量排放随车速急剧增加.     

液化石油气汽车颗粒物数量排放特征的研究

利用颗粒物数量测试仪器ELPI对瞬态循环下的汽油车和液化石油气汽车进行颗粒物排放测量.结果表明,两种车辆排放的颗粒物中,粒径小于70nm的颗粒物均占绝对优势,占总排放的80％～ 90％;大于490nm的颗粒物在总排放中的比例均非常小.且颗粒物数量排放浓度随着车速的升高而增加,尤其是车速超过70km/h后,颗粒物数量排放随车速的增幅升高.但两种车辆相对比较,汽油车排放的颗粒物数量比液化石油气汽车多.     

加载减速工况下带有DPF柴油车的颗粒物排放

基于加载减速工况,利用ELPI能够有效研究颗粒物排放状况以及其数目浓度和质量浓度在粒径上的分布,研究证实,这种测试技术具有很高的DPF性能鉴别能力。通过量化分析颗粒物在DPF前后粒径上的浓度分布以及图解DPF前后的浓度差值,可以非常清晰地发现该DPF对于不同粒径的过滤性能,为开发和匹配柴油车颗粒物过滤器提供一种有效的手段。     

不同工况下汽车制动磨损颗粒物排放特征研究

选取某车型后制动器总成，利用乘用车制动器惯性试验台和颗粒物监测采集设备进行制动磨损颗粒物排放测试。在四种循环测试工况下进行制动磨损颗粒物的收集，并对磨损颗粒物的排放因子、粒径质量分布特征和数量分布特征进行分析。结果显示，不管是PM2.5还是PM10,NEDC循环测试工况下磨损颗粒物的排放因子最小，WLTP-Brake循环测试工况下磨损颗粒物的排放因子最大。粒径质量分布特征方面，粒径在2.5～5.0μm范围内的颗粒物质量占比较高，NEDC工况下细颗粒产生较多，在10 nm～0.1μm粒径范围内的颗粒物质量占比明显高于其他三种工况。粒径数量分布特征方面，四种工况下粒径小于0.07μm的颗粒物数量占总颗粒物排放数量的绝大多数，WLTC和WLTP-Brake循环测试工况下超过98%,NEDC和CLTC-P工况下超过了92%。     

北京市实际道路公交车颗粒物排放研究

利用车载测试系统(OBDCTS)和车载尾气检测(PEMS)对装配欧Ⅲ发动机的大型客车进行模拟公交运行实际道路试验,获得了实时的机动车排放数据。在此基础上得出颗粒物(PM)的粒径分布和排放随速度和加速度的分布图形,分析了速度、加速度对颗粒物排放的影响机理,从而得出结论:应当从改善城市道路交通状况和优化车辆的低加速和高减速工况时的发动机的喷油控制及燃烧质量着手,降低PM排放,减少机动车对大气污染。     

环境温度对缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物排放特性的影响

利用电子低压冲击仪(ELPI)对一台满足国Ⅴ排放标准的缸内直喷汽油车进行了颗粒物排放特性研究。试验按照NEDC测试循环在转鼓试验台上进行,分别测量车辆在-15℃,-7℃和25℃下的颗粒物排放。通过对试验结果的研究表明:3个温度下,颗粒物的数量浓度随温度的下降大幅上升,粒径分布范围逐渐变大,均在相同粒径下出现峰值;颗粒物体积浓度随粒径的增大而增大;数量浓度对表面积浓度的影响大于体积浓度,尤其在-15℃下,这种影响更加显著。通过对颗粒物的瞬态排放结果的分析发现:3个温度下,颗粒物的排放主要集中在NEDC循环前200s,数量浓度随车辆的加速而上升,随减速而下降;在-15℃下,在整个NEDC循环的加速工况均出现表面积浓度的排放峰值,且峰值之间较为接近。     

DPF对柴油车颗粒物排放的影响研究

利用ELPI（电子低压冲击器）对加载DPF的柴油车分别在DPF前后和未安装DPF时进行取样,能有效研究颗粒物排放状况以及颗粒物数量浓度和质量浓度在粒径上的分布。研究发现,安装DPF后将增加车辆发动机排放的颗粒物数量和质量,但经过DPF过滤后,颗粒物质量和数量都会大幅减少,过滤效果良好。     

发动机微粒排放物测试方法分析

随着发动机微粒的排放危害日益受到人们的重视,其排放检测方法亟待发展,本文从颗粒排放物的测量原理出发,详细介绍了其检测所需要注意的问题,并在原理的基础上介绍目前进入实用阶段的典型颗粒物测试设备,分析这类设备的测量方法和各自的局限性,同时在此过程中强调颗粒物排放检测中对粒径分布分析的重要性.     

重型车用发动机排放的欧Ⅲ/Ⅳ法规及检测设备

介绍了总质量大于3．5 t的重型汽车用发动机排放法规的主要内容,还介绍了相应的测试设备如测功系统、气态污染物及颗粒物测试系统、排放分析仪标定系统、标准进气系统等设备。     

EGR在内燃机上的应用

EGR是降低内燃机NOx排放的主要机外净化措施之一。文章介绍了EGR技术对抑制NOx生成的理论基础及EGR率的确定原则：阐述了EGR对发动机排放性、动力性、经济性、气缸磨损的影响以及EGR在其他新型燃料发动机的应用。指出随着EGR的增大,发动机NOx的降低效果非常明显,但是烟度、PM和CO的排放都有增加的趋势,对HC的影响不大;同时,随着EGR的增大,发动机的动力性和经济性都有恶化的趋势,特别是对于发动机的动力性降低较明显。     

机械柴油喷射与电控共轨柴油喷射的差异比较

传统机械发动机的燃油喷射是依靠喷油泵压力的连续波动来实现的,这种喷射方式在经济性、动力性以及排放性上已经不能满足现代发动机的需要。共轨喷射发动机避免了传统燃油喷射发动机的缺点。本文从原理和系统结构上对传统机械燃油喷射发动机和共轨燃油喷射发动机的差异进行了比较和分析。     

轿车发动机怠速工况CO排放统计特征

基于大量在用轿车发动机怠速工况CO排放实测数据 ,对其CO排放进行统计分析 ,得出其最优拟合分布和相应的分布参数 ,同时建立怠速工况CO排放分布密度函数和分布函数统计模型。本研究对计算轿车发动机怠速CO排放数值 ,正确评价其对城市周围大气环境所造成的污染以及排放法规的修订必将起到重要的作用     

车用柴油机电控高压喷油系统与欧Ⅲ排放标准

围绕车用柴油机欧Ⅲ排放控制的关键技术进行了综述,介绍了电控泵喷嘴、电控单体泵和电控高压共轨3种燃油喷射系统的工作原理及国内外研究现状,并对各燃油喷射系统进行了评价。提高燃油喷射系统的性能是满足未来更严格排放标准的重要措施,此外还需配合燃烧室优化、空燃比(α)匹配、燃油改质等技术才能更好地发挥其性能,从而满足欧Ⅲ排放标准的要求。     

Influence of oxygenate content on particulate matter emission in gasoline direct injection engine

The relationship between the oxygen content in gasoline and the particulate emission (particle number and weight) was investigated. In order to study the influence of the engine configuration on the particulate emission, four vehicles were tested in which the following systems were installed: Vehicle 1 was equipped with direct injection system which uses central mounted outwardly opening injectors. Vehicle 2 and 3 used direct injection with a side mounted multihole injectors and Vehicle 4 had port fuel injection system. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was used as the oxygen booster. The oxygen content in the gasoline was varied from 1 to 3 wt%, which corresponds with an MTBE dosage from 3.55% to 16.11%. This study used fuel that contained the same octane number with a 2% oxygen content without oxygen components, and it was used as the reference fuel in order to distinguish the effect of the oxygen content increases and the octane boosts that result from the MTBE. All vehicle tests were performed on a roller type chassis dynamometer using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Test Procedure-75 (FTP-75) cycle. The experiment results demonstrate that the oxygen content increases in the gasoline reduced the particulate emission in vehicles with direct injection engines. An equivalent phenomenon was observed in a vehicle with a port fuel injection engine, but its absolute particle number was much smaller than that of the gasoline direct injection engine. The amount of reduction of the particle number in the start (cold) phase of the test cycle was significant compared with the later (hot) phase engine operation. However, particulates were emitted even though the engine was fully warmed up, especially when the engine was highly loaded. Other factors such as fuel economy or other exhaust emissions were not significantly affected by the oxygen content.     

美国加州最新排放标准介绍及国产通用小型汽油机面临的挑战

介绍美国加州最新颁布的排放标准,进而结合国产小型通用汽油机的排放现状统计,指出了国产小型通用汽油机产品排放存在的差距及面临的挑战。     

Efficiency and ecological characteristics of a VCR diesel engine

Compression ratio (CR) is a design parameter with highest influence on efficiency, emission and engine characteristics. In conventional internal combustion (IC) engines, the compression ratio is fixed and their performance is, therefore, a compromise between conflicting requirements. One fundamental problem is that drive units in the vehicles must successfully operate at variable speed and loads and in different ambient conditions. If a diesel engine has a fixed CR, a minimal value must be chosen that can achieve a reliable self-ignition when starting the engine in cold start conditions. In diesel engines, variable compression ratio (VCR) provides control of peak cylinder pressure, improves cold start ability and low load operation, enabling the multi-fuel capability, increase of fuel economy and reduction of emissions. By application of VCR and other mechanisms, the optimal regime fields are extended to the prime requirements: consumption, power, emission, noise, etc., and/or the possibility of the engine to operate with different fuels is extended. An experimental Diesel engine has been developed at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac. The changes of CR are realized by changing the piston chamber diameter. Detailed engine tests were performed at the Laboratory for IC engines. Special attention has been given to decrease of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. An optimal field of CR variation has been determined depending on the given objectives: minimal fuel consumption, minimal nitric oxides, and particulate matter emissions, etc.     

应用于小型发动机市场的怠速空气控制阀

面对发展中国家越来越严峻的空气污染状况,正在积极制定、颁布更加严厉的小型发动机排放法规和标准。目前,怠速空气控制阀（IACV）与电子燃油喷射（EFI）组合已被广泛应用于大型发动机汽车市场的尾气排放中,这种组合同样也被认为是有助于降低小型发动机尾气排放的最有效的解决方案。     

商用车柴油机欧I到欧V技术路线综述

在每一次排放标准升级前,整车及发动机生产企业都面临着技术路线的选择问题。欧美发达国家对商用车主要动力——柴油机从欧I到欧V各阶段所采取的技术路线已经非常明晰,我国的选择也基本一致。现简要概述如下。