轻型汽油车不同温度下WLTC工况排放特性研究

为了研究车辆在不同环境温度下冷启动和热启动时污染物的排放特性,通过环境试验舱模拟不同的环境温度,轻型汽油车采用WLTC (World Light Vehicle Test Cycle,世界轻型汽车测试循环)工况分别进行冷启动和热启动排放试验,结果表明:低温冷启动时,由于发动机缸内混合气燃烧不良以及催化器没有起燃等原因,主要污染物(CO、THC、PN等)的瞬时排放值远超高温和热启动的值.在高温、高速和高负荷情况下,由于车辆的动力需求和催化器保护,导致燃油喷射过量,造成不充分燃烧,CO排放值大幅上升.     

汽油车低温冷起动和常温冷起动排放特性的对比分析

针对国Ⅲ标准中新规定的-7°的低温冷起动测试,采用对比试验的方法比较了低温冷起动(Ⅵ型试验)和常温冷起动(Ⅰ型试验)整个排放过程中CO、HC和CO2的排放差异。对两种温度条件下的催化器入口温度进行了比较分析。通过对排放特性的比较,简述了汽油车低温冷起动排放控制方法。     

轻型车在WLTC下常、低温冷启动 排放特性试验研究

研究车辆在WLTC(World-wide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle,全球统一轻型车测试循环)工况下,常、低温冷启动的排放特性。利用CVS(Constant Volume System,定容取样系统),分别在-7℃和22℃环境温度条件下,对两台搭载增压缸内直喷发动机的汽油车进行排气污染物和颗粒物试验研究。试验结果表明,-7℃冷启动条件下,CO、HC和NOx的排放量分别为常温冷启动下4~6倍、9~12倍以及5倍左右,PN(Particle Number,颗粒物数量)较常温冷启动高出一个数量级,车辆的排放性能明显降低。研究为车辆应对国Ⅵ排放法规应采取的技术方案提供了依据。     

测试循环对国五轻型汽油车低温排放的影响研究

本文中使用国V汽油在底盘测功机上对4辆不同技术路线的直喷、非直喷轻型汽油车进行了测试循环对低温尾气排放影响的试验研究,测试循环包括欧洲的ECE、美国的FTP75和最新的世界统一循环WLTC。重点研究了循环对汽油车在低温环境下CO,THC/NMHC和NOx排放及油耗的影响,并对车辆冷起动瞬态排放进行了分析。结果表明,循环对汽油车低温CO,THC/NMHC和NOx排放影响明显,针对不同技术路线车辆总体上这几种污染物排放从高到低依次为ECEWLTC3FTP75,说明相同限值下,欧V和国V循环低温排放控制较严,美标循环较为宽松。研究还发现,70%以上低温排放主要产生在车辆冷起动后的100s内,且第一个怠速时间和第一个加速度是影响整个循环排放量的主要因素。     

轻型车颗粒物质量排放和颗粒物数量排放的转鼓试验CSCD

为了定量评价国产轻型车的颗粒物排放,测量了55辆中国内地轻型车的单位行驶里程颗粒物质量(PM)排放和颗粒物数量(PN)排放。使用激光凝聚颗粒物计数和滤纸采样称重方法,对于轻型柴油车、缸内直喷(GDI)汽油车和多点电喷(MPI)汽油车,在转鼓试验台上进行循环工况试验。结果表明:汽油车的颗粒物排放水平明显低于国4柴油车,汽油车的PM和PN排放平均值分别约为国4柴油车平均值的6%和5%。MPI汽油车的PN排放值低于GDI汽油车约1个数量级。"全球统一轻型汽车测试循环(WLTC)"的高车速、长加速的工况条件,会加剧MPI和柴油车的颗粒物数量排放。GDI汽油车在冷机阶段的PN排放峰持续时间长,在后续的加速动态工况条件时会出现明显的峰值排放。     

在发动机台架上模拟欧Ⅲ低温冷启动排放特性的探索

为使汽油车满足欧Ⅲ排放法规，必须解决-7℃条件下的催化器快速起燃和抑制排放物陡增的问题。作者研究设计了试验系统和探讨了模拟方法，并在台架上模拟和测试带有三效催化器的汽油车电喷发动机的低温启冷动特性。     

轻型汽车实际道路行驶与实验室工况污染物排放对比研究

选择6辆满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的轻型汽油车和柴油车进行了在WLTC和NEDC循环工况下的试验室排放试验,并对其中的4辆车按照RDE测试规程进行了实际道路排放测试。结果表明:在实际道路行驶条件下,汽油车CO和柴油车NO_x排放严重超过标准限值,高排放主要出现在车速大于60km/h的郊区和高速公路段,瞬时排放量会随着车速和加速度的升高而增大;部分汽油车在WLTC工况的超高速段中出现了很高的CO排放,而WLTC工况THC的排放则小于NEDC工况;4辆汽油车在NEDC工况和WLTC工况下PN排放都超过标准限值,而柴油车的PN排放和所有车辆的PM排放都小于标准限值。建议国Ⅵ车型开发时应重点关注汽油车的CO,PN排放以及柴油车的NO_x排放。     

基于国六排放标准的天然气发动机试验研究

在发动机排放试验台上，对一台天然气发动机按照国六排放标准和国五排放标准分别进行了WHTC 循环试验和ETC 循环试验，进行了气体污染物排放的比较研究。结果表明，WHTC 循环条件下，冷启动试验的CH₄和NO_x排放高于热启动试验，NH₃排放低于热启动试验。冷启动试验的CH₄、NO_x排放量占冷+热加权试验结果的比重分别为47.10%和48.92%，与WHTC循环冷启动+热启动试验加权结果相比，ETC循环试验的CH₄和NO_x排放有显著的下降，NH₃排放有一定的增加。     

循环测量工况下汽油车颗粒物排放试验研究

利用电子低压冲击仪对4辆采用不同技术的国Ⅳ排放汽油车进行了颗粒物分布特性的试验研究.试验按照国Ⅳ测试循环(NEDc)在转鼓试验台上进行,测量了冷启动下排气中颗粒物的特性分布.试验结果表明:汽油机排气中包含有大量的超细颗粒物,其中以0.02～0.5μm的粒子居多;颗粒物排放主要在NEDC循环的冷启动阶段和加速过程中产生;汽油直接喷射车辆颗粒物数量比气道汽油喷射的高.     

柴油车排气微粒数量分布特性

<正>选取一辆装有微粒捕集器的柴油车,根据GB18352.5-2013标准内Ⅰ型试验要求在转鼓上进行试验,分析柴油车在NEDC循环工况中微粒数量的分布特性。试验结果表明:柴油车微粒物主要在NEDC循环开始时的冷启动阶段以及高速段的加速工况下产生。汽车发动机排气微粒是排放法规限制的主要有害排放物之一,被认为是环境大气中悬浮着的大量微粒物的直接流动排放污染源。由于汽车发动机排气微粒对人类健康的危害和日益严格的排放法规的实施,欧     

轻型CNG车颗粒物排放特性研究

对同一台轻型两用燃料（C N G和汽油）车使用同一批次基准天然气和基准汽油,在底盘测功机上进行NEDC ,FTP75和WLTC循环对比试验,使用CVS定容取样系统和ELPI设备分析颗粒物等排放。研究发现：3种循环中,试验车辆燃用CNG和汽油,排放颗粒物在 Dp ＝40 nm和 Dp ＝330 nm附近均出现峰值,Dp ＝40 nm处汽油峰值远高于CNG ,Dp ＝330 nm处CNG峰值略高于汽油;CNG的PN和PM的排放率随车速的升高而增大,在较低的匀速工况下增长幅度较小,高速工况下增长幅度较大;CNG在NEDC循环中排放的核态和聚集态颗粒物各占50％左右,FTP75和WLTC循环中排放的聚集态颗粒物占比高于NEDC ;CNG在NEDC循环中单位里程颗粒数和颗粒总数最多,FTP75和WLTC循环中单位里程颗粒数基本相同;WLTC循环中排放的颗粒物质量总量最多,FTP75和NEDC循环中排放的颗粒物质量总量基本相同;FTP75和WLTC循环中单位里程排放的颗粒物质量基本相同,约为N EDC循环的2倍。     

LPG电控喷射冷起动循环的着火及HC排放影响因素分析

分析了电喷LPG发动机冷起动过程中影响着火及HC排放的主要因素。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电喷发动机上进行。试验结果表明：LPG发动机冷起动混合气的浓度相当于稳定燃烧混合气浓度的1．5倍左右，比汽油机稀，HC排放也低；随着混合气变稀，首次着火循环逐渐推迟；高起动转速是发动机冷起动可靠的一个主要保障因素；适当提前点火和增大火花塞间隙有利于降低冷起动循环的首次着火循环数；环境温度是影响冷起动过程的一个主要参数。     

Effects of gasoline, diesel, LPG, and low-carbon fuels and various certification modes on nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles

This study was focused on experimental comparisons of the effects of various vehicle certification modes on particle emission characteristics of light-duty vehicles with gasoline, diesel, LPG, and low-carbon fuels such as bio-diesel, bioethanol, and compressed natural gas, respectively. The particulate matter from various fueled vehicles was analyzed with the golden particle measurement system recommended by the particle measurement programme, which consists of CVS, a particle number counter, and particle number diluters. To verify particle number and size distribution characteristics, various vehicle emission certification modes such as NEDC, FTP-75, and HWFET were compared to evaluate particle formation with both CPC and DMS500. The formation of particles was highly dependent on vehicle speed and load conditions for each mode. In particular, the particle numbers of conventional fuels and low-carbon fuels sharply increased during cold start, fast transient acceleration, and high-load operation phases of the vehicle emission tests. A diesel vehicle fitted with a particulate filter showed substantial reduction of particulate matter with a number concentration equivalent to gasoline and LPG fuel. Moreover, bio-fuels and natural gas have the potential to reduce the particulate emissions with the help of clean combustion and low-carbon fuel quality compared to non-DPF diesel-fueled vehicles.     

Influence of oxygenate content on particulate matter emission in gasoline direct injection engine

The relationship between the oxygen content in gasoline and the particulate emission (particle number and weight) was investigated. In order to study the influence of the engine configuration on the particulate emission, four vehicles were tested in which the following systems were installed: Vehicle 1 was equipped with direct injection system which uses central mounted outwardly opening injectors. Vehicle 2 and 3 used direct injection with a side mounted multihole injectors and Vehicle 4 had port fuel injection system. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was used as the oxygen booster. The oxygen content in the gasoline was varied from 1 to 3 wt%, which corresponds with an MTBE dosage from 3.55% to 16.11%. This study used fuel that contained the same octane number with a 2% oxygen content without oxygen components, and it was used as the reference fuel in order to distinguish the effect of the oxygen content increases and the octane boosts that result from the MTBE. All vehicle tests were performed on a roller type chassis dynamometer using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Test Procedure-75 (FTP-75) cycle. The experiment results demonstrate that the oxygen content increases in the gasoline reduced the particulate emission in vehicles with direct injection engines. An equivalent phenomenon was observed in a vehicle with a port fuel injection engine, but its absolute particle number was much smaller than that of the gasoline direct injection engine. The amount of reduction of the particle number in the start (cold) phase of the test cycle was significant compared with the later (hot) phase engine operation. However, particulates were emitted even though the engine was fully warmed up, especially when the engine was highly loaded. Other factors such as fuel economy or other exhaust emissions were not significantly affected by the oxygen content.     

Experimental investigation and comparison of nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles for two different fuels

In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP), at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values. However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration. Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode.     

机动车PM2．5排放特性

为了获得典型机动车PM2．5排放特性,文章利用符合PMP规程的MEXA一1000SPCS时不同技术类型的机动车进行了PM2．5数量排放研究,并对PM2．5排放较高的两类车型（GDI和国Ⅳ柴油车）进行了冷热试验对比。试验结果表明：不同技术类型机动车PM2．5排放量级差异明显,国V柴油车〈MPI汽油车〈GDI汽油车〈国Ⅳ柴油车;GDI汽油车PM2．5排放受温度影响要大于受负荷的影响;国Ⅳ柴油车型PM2．5排放受车辆负荷的影响要大于受温度的影响;DPF技术能够有效降低PM2．5排放;无论何种车型,瞬态加速工况都会造成PM2．5排放急剧增高。     

车用加热器降低汽油机冷起动排放的试验研究

通过液体燃油加热器对车用电喷汽油发动机冷却液进行预热,进行了机动车低温冷起动过程的排放试验研究。台架试验证明:加热器可大幅度降低发动机低温冷起动阶段的排放。经燃油加热器预热后,按欧Ⅲ标准,前两个15工况循环下的累积排放量在不经催化转化器时,HC降低了31.4%,CO下降2.8%,NOx下降59.5%。燃油加热器自身的累积排放量HC为原机的3.1%,CO为4.6%,而NOx仅为原机的1.8%。试验中还对同时利用燃油加热器排温预热起燃催化转化器进行了探索。     

乙醇汽油对车辆颗粒物排放的影响

在符合国Ⅰ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅴ标准的3辆试验车上,分别燃用国Ⅴ汽油、低芳烃E10、低烯烃E10 3种燃料,进行了NEDC和WLTC工况下的常温冷起动排放试验,重点对颗粒物(PM)排放量和粒子数量(PN)进行分析。结果表明:在两种工况下,燃用乙醇汽油相比普通汽油能大幅降低车辆的PM排放,低芳烃E10对国Ⅰ和国Ⅲ车辆PM降低效果最明显,分别下降19%和35%,低烯烃E10对国Ⅴ车辆PM降低效果最好,下降46%;在WLTC工况下燃用乙醇汽油能大幅降低车辆PN排放,其中低芳烃E10平均降低43%,低烯烃E10平均降低32%。     

F-T汽油对国Ⅴ直喷汽油轿车排放性能影响的研究

以一辆满足国Ⅴ排放标准的新生产轿车为试验样车,在NEDC测试循环下,车辆分别燃用国Ⅴ汽油和F-T汽油,应用全流稀释排放测试系统进行了气态污染物排放、颗粒物质量排放和颗粒物数目排放的对比研究。研究结果表明:相较于燃用国Ⅴ汽油,燃用F-T汽油后THC排放和CO2排放分别降低了14.3%和2.8%,CO和NOx的排放分别增加26.8%和104.8%,颗粒物质量排放量(PM)和粒数排放量(PN)分别下降了26.5%和39.1%。研究分析表明,满足国Ⅴ排放标准的轻型汽车在不进行人为调整的条件下,具有较好的F-T汽油使用适应性,且燃用F-T汽油比燃用国Ⅴ汽油具有更好的燃油经济性以及更低的温室气体排放。     

环境温度对缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物排放特性的影响

利用电子低压冲击仪(ELPI)对一台满足国Ⅴ排放标准的缸内直喷汽油车进行了颗粒物排放特性研究。试验按照NEDC测试循环在转鼓试验台上进行,分别测量车辆在-15℃,-7℃和25℃下的颗粒物排放。通过对试验结果的研究表明:3个温度下,颗粒物的数量浓度随温度的下降大幅上升,粒径分布范围逐渐变大,均在相同粒径下出现峰值;颗粒物体积浓度随粒径的增大而增大;数量浓度对表面积浓度的影响大于体积浓度,尤其在-15℃下,这种影响更加显著。通过对颗粒物的瞬态排放结果的分析发现:3个温度下,颗粒物的排放主要集中在NEDC循环前200s,数量浓度随车辆的加速而上升,随减速而下降;在-15℃下,在整个NEDC循环的加速工况均出现表面积浓度的排放峰值,且峰值之间较为接近。