Torque ripple minimization control of permanent magnet synchronous motors for EPS applications

This paper identifies a control method used to reduce torque ripple of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for an electric power steering (EPS) system. NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness) is important for safe and convenient driving. Vibration caused by motor torque is a problem in column type EPS systems. Maintaining a very low torque ripple is one solution that allows for smoother steering. Theoretically, it is possible to design and drive the motor without torque ripple. However, in reality, a PMSM system torque ripple is caused by the motor itself (saturation in the iron core and EMF distortion) and the imperfect driver. This paper analyzes torque ripple of a PMSM system, and an advanced PMSM control method for the column typed EPS system is presented. Results of the analysis indicate that the compensation current is needed in order to minimize torque ripple when a PMSM is driven.     

分布式驱动电动汽车转矩节能优化分配

为了提高分布式驱动电动汽车的经济性和续航里程,对4个轮毂电机驱动转矩优化分配问题进行研究。通过轮毂电机台架试验得到轮毂电机的驱动效率特性,分析转矩优化分配实现节约整车能耗的可行性;建立侧重提高电机效率的目标函数,使电机转矩处于电机效率Map图中的高效区;建立侧重提高电机响应速度的目标函数,减小转矩分配瞬间电流波动过大带来的能耗;基于模糊理论设计以电机效率为变量的权重函数,实时调节权重来协调2种目标函数,提出一种转矩节能优化分配方法,得到最优的轴间转矩分配系数。在后轴驱动、平均分配、优化分配3种分配方式下进行整车能耗的ECE城市循环工况对比仿真分析。结果表明：提出的节能优化分配方法通过实时优化驱动电机的转矩,避免了电机工作在转矩过大和过小的低效区,提高了整个驱动系统的能量利用率,相比于后轴驱动和平均分配整车能耗效率提高了5.91%和10.54%;实车试验验证了转矩节能优化分配算法的节能效果,优化分配相比另外2种分配方式整车能耗效率分别提高了3.66%和8.58%。     

Cooperative control of the motor and the electric booster brake to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle

A cooperative control algorithm for an in-wheel motor and an electric booster brake is proposed to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle. The in-wheel system was modeled by dividing it into motor and mechanical parts, and the electric booster brake was modeled through tests. In addition, the response characteristics of the in-wheel system and the electric booster brake were compared through a frequency response analysis. In the cooperative control, the road friction coefficient was estimated using the wheel speed, motor torque, and braking torque of each wheel, and the torque limit of the wheel to the road was determined using the estimated road friction coefficient. Based on the estimated road friction coefficient and torque limit, a cooperative algorithm to control the motor and the electric booster brake was proposed to improve the stability of the in-wheel electric vehicle. The performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm was evaluated through a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS). Furthermore, to verify the performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm, a test environment was constructed for the anti-lock braking system (ABS) hydraulic module hardware, and the performance of the cooperative control algorithm was compared with that of the ABS by means of a HILS test.     

分布式驱动电动汽车回馈制动失效的液压补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车各驱动轮转速和转矩可以单独精确控制，便于实现整车动力学控制和制动能量回馈，从而提升车辆的主动安全性和行驶经济性。但车辆在回馈制动过程中，一旦1台电机突发故障，其他电机产生的制动力矩将对整车形成附加横摆力矩，从而造成车辆失稳，此时虽可通过截断异侧对应电机制动力矩输出来保证行驶方向，但会使车辆制动力大幅衰减或丧失，同样不利于行车安全。为了解决此问题，提出并验证一种基于电动助力液压制动系统的制动压力补偿控制方法，力图有效保证整车制动安全性。以轮毂电机驱动汽车为例，首先建立了整车动力学模型以及轮毂电机模型，通过仿真验证了回馈制动失效的整车失稳特性以及电机转矩截断控制的不足；然后，建立了电动助力液压制动系统模型，并通过原理样机的台架试验验证了模型的准确性；接着，基于滑模控制算法设计了制动压力补偿控制器，并在单侧电机再生制动失效后的转矩截断控制基础上完成了液压制动补偿控制效果仿真验证；最后，通过实车试验证明了所提控制方法的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明：在分布式驱动电动汽车单侧电机再生制动失效工况下，通过异侧电机转矩截断控制和制动系统的液压主动补偿，能够使车辆快速恢复稳定行驶并满足制动强度需求。     

电动轮驱动电动汽车差速技术研究

提出了电动轮旋转动力学方程和对驱动电机采用转矩指令控制及车轮转速随动的方法,实现电动轮系统的自适应差速。进行了转向行驶、路面不平及不同车轮半径等工况的道路试验,试验结果表明:电动轮汽车在各种工况下都能保持良好的差速性能,具有自适应差速特性。     

电动轮驱动的轿车差速性能试验

电动轮驱动的汽车取消了机械式差速器后,在转向行驶、路面不平及车轮半径不等3种工况下,会出现差速问题。文章进行了实车转向行驶试验和车轮半径不等时的差速试验,验证了对电动轮电机控制按转矩模式控制而转速随动以实现自适应差速的控制策略。电动轮控制器可以实现很好的差速性能,说明采用转矩控制和转速随动的策略是解决汽车电子差速问题的前提和关键。     

电动轮驱动-转向集成结构设计

目前最常用的电动轮--轮毂电机驱动型电动轮是在电动轮内安装轮毂电机,这将增加电动车的簧下质量,从而降低悬架响应的敏感度;汽车重心发生改变,汽车转向定位参数、制动滑移率的控制参数等都会发生改变,对车辆的平顺性和乘坐舒适性带来不利的影响。针对这些问题,文章设计出驱动-转向一体化的电动轮,将轮毂电机、轮内悬架、转向电机、电机悬挂装置和轮毂集成在车轮上,有效提高电动轮汽车的性能。     

一种新能源汽车电动轮道路模拟仿真系统

通过对电动轮模块的原理及特性分析,以电动轮模块为研究对象,研发一款基于LabVIEW虚拟平台的电动轮模块专用测试系统。系统以转速、转矩、惯量、垂直载荷等为控制对象,对电动轮模块在路面的真实运动情况进行仿真,获取其动力性、制动性、可靠性、耐久性等参数,并通过电动轮及电机等相关标准进行验证。基于电动轮仿真参数,研发人员可加快设计及优化电动轮模块的控制算法。     

Steering torque control using variable impedance models for a steer-by-wire system

This paper presents a novel sensor-less steering torque control method for applications to the steer-by-wire system. A steer-by-wire system has not any mechanical link to connect a steering wheel and a rack and pinion gear module. Instead of mechanical devices, two electric motors are used on each side. A one motor is attached to the steering wheel and the other is set on rack and pinion. The motor on the steering wheel works as a deliverer between a steering torque and load torque from the road. In this paper, we focus on motion control related to the steering feel based on impedance control. Therefore, the model of rack and pinion is not considered in this work. In most power steering systems, a torque sensor is used to set impedance effect on driver’s steering feel. In this paper, we proposed a novel steering control method without using any torque sensors. The effectiveness of a proposed method is confirmed from experimental results.     

电动轮驱动的轿车差速性能试验

电动轮驱动的轿车取消机械式差速器后,使得各车轮运动状态相互独立,为保证车辆行驶中各车轮的转速协调,必须解决差速技术问题。文章介绍了采用电动轮驱动的轿车实车差速性能试验的过程,表明电动轮控制器可适应转向行驶和车轮半径不等引起的差速工况,实现很好的差速性能,指出该电动轮控制器可以在各种工况下实现良好的自适应差速性能。     

Dynamic correction of the steering-characteristic curve and application to an EPS control system

The steering torque of an electric-power steering (EPS) motor is interrelated with the performance of the EPS control system, therefore calculating an exact steering torque is critical in this application. This study presents a dynamic correction method that greatly decreases the calculated error in the steering torque; the PID controller demonstrated here is therefore suitable for the demands of this system. Based on an analysis of the detection process of the steering torque sensor, we first deduced that the variation of the system resistance torque equals the difference between the measured value of the steering torque and the ideal one in the previous cycle. Based on this result, we then proposed a dynamic correction method. Finally, a comparison of the simulated and experimental results for several vehicles evidenced the effectiveness of this dynamic correction method.     

Optimization of Gear Ratio of In-Wheel Motor Vehicle Considering Probabilistic Driver Model

A reduction gear of an in-wheel motor vehicle is mounted between a traction motor and wheel, to increase the wheel torque and decrease the rotational speed. To improve the energy efficiency of a vehicle, the determination of the optimal gear ratio is an important factor in the design of the reduction gear. This paper presents an optimization procedure to obtain the optimal gear ratio of an in-wheel motor vehicle that minimizes the electric energy consumption. Using a model-based design, a dynamic simulation model of a vehicle was developed for an analysis of the energy efficiency. Owing to a variation in energy efficiency across drivers, a probabilistic driver model that includes driver characteristics is employed. To reduce excessive calculations, a surrogate model was constructed for the optimization. The optimal gear ratio for saving energy was obtained, and the usefulness of the proposed optimization procedure was shown through a comparison of the results of the optimal gear ratio and the energy efficiency achieved between deterministic and probabilistic approaches.     

基于功能安全的分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车可以实现四轮转矩分配和差动转向,提升整车的动力学控制性能和经济性,但是四轮转矩独立可控的特点也对功能安全提出挑战。当前轮单侧电机出现执行器故障失效情况时,不仅会产生附加横摆力矩降低车辆安全性,差动转向功能的存在还会使车辆严重偏航。基于此,在设计分布式驱动-线控转向一体化底盘的基础上,基于功能安全提出一种分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制策略。首先建立分布式驱动失效动力学模型,分析前轮失效对车辆状态的影响机理,发现单一的驱动转矩截断控制无法满足车辆状态修正需求;其次设计一套备用的线控转向结构,通过变截距滑模控制算法提高切换状态下线控转向系统的转角跟踪性能,并用台架试验验证跟踪的准确性;然后设计自适应失效诊断观测器实时诊断驱动系统的电机故障,在将对应轮进行驱动转矩截断后,通过模型预测控制算法对车轮转矩重新分配实现纵向和侧向的状态跟踪;最后通过仿真和实车试验验证所提失效补偿控制策略的有效性和可用性。研究结果表明：分布式驱动电动汽车前轮单侧电机失效后,备用的线控转向系统能及时矫正前轮转角,所提出的失效补偿控制策略能够快速恢复车辆的稳定性和路径跟踪能力。     

基于变权重系数的分布式驱动无人车轨迹跟踪

为了提高分布式无人车轨迹跟踪的精度，提出了基于自主与差动协调转向控制的轨迹跟踪方法。首先，在车辆三自由度模型基础上，基于模型预测控制（MPC）实时计算前轮转角以控制车辆进行自主转向轨迹跟踪。在此过程中，为了提高自主转向下车辆的轨迹跟踪精度与行驶的稳定性，考虑多种因素，利用经验公式及神经网络控制对MPC的预瞄步数和预瞄步长进行多参数调整，实现预瞄时间的自适应控制。其次，在恒转矩需求的情况下，以轨迹偏差为PID控制器的输入及左右轮毂电机转矩为输出进行差动转向控制，实现了差动转向下的轨迹跟踪控制。然后，通过设置权重系数的方法将自主与差动转向相结合。考虑到车辆横纵向动力学因素，采用模糊控制及经验公式对权重系数进行了调整，从而在提高车辆转向灵活性与轨迹跟踪效果的同时保证车辆行驶的稳定性。CarSim与Simulink联合仿真以及实车试验结果表明：与自主转向轨迹跟踪相比，采用变权重系数的协调控制可以在不同的工况下提高车辆的转向灵活性与轨迹跟踪的精度，轨迹跟踪偏差的均方根值改善率达到了11%。所提出的协调转向控制方法可为分布式驱动车辆转向灵活性的提高及轨迹跟踪精度的改善提供一种新的思路。     

Vehicle velocity estimation using effective inertia for an in-wheel electric vehicle

In this study, a vehicle velocity estimation algorithm for an in-wheel electric vehicle is proposed. This algorithm estimates the vehicle velocity using the concept of effective inertia, which is based on the motor torque, the angular velocity of each wheel and vehicle acceleration. Effective inertia is a virtual mass that changes according to the state of a vehicle, such as acceleration, deceleration, turning or driving on a low friction road. The performance of the proposed vehicle velocity estimation algorithm was verified in various conditions that included straight driving, circle driving and low friction road driving using the in-wheel electric vehicle that was equipped with an in-wheel system in each of its rear wheels.     

汽车电动助力转向控制系统的初步研究

自行设计的电动助力转向系统(EPS)由控制器、转向盘转矩传感器、车速传感器、电流传感器(在控制器内)、助力电机及减速机构、机械式转向器、蓄电池等组成。EPS的控制系统主要由控制器、传感器及信号处理电路、助力电机及驱动电路等组成。控制算法由电机助力控制算法和电机转矩控制算法两部分构成。该方案易于实现，同时又能保证转向控制系统较高的控制精度。     

分布式驱动电动汽车转向工况转矩分配控制研究

针对分布式驱动车辆转向工况在低速下期望提高转向机动性能，高速下期望保证行驶稳定性的需求，充分考虑转向行驶内外侧车轮的转向关系以及车辆动力学，制定了适应车速变化的四轮转矩分配策略，建立了四轮轮毂电机驱动模型以及二自由度参考模型。为了改善分布式驱动转向机动性能，建立自抗扰控制器调整内外侧车轮转矩，形成合理的转速差，减小转向半径，以提高转向机动性；对于高速转向行驶稳定性的需求，通过二次规划方法优化分配各车轮驱动力矩，分析轮胎纵横向附着裕度建立目标函数，并加入附加横摆力矩和路面附着力的限制，进行车轮驱动转矩的在线优化分配，提高车辆转向行驶的稳定性；另外为避免2种控制模式转换时驱动转矩突变，根据车速和稳定性参数制定模糊规则决策2种模式的协调系数，保证2种控制模式的平滑过渡。基于CarSim和MATLAB/Simulink进行联合仿真，并搭建硬件在环平台进行试验，对所提出的方法进行验证。结果表明：在低速转向工况下，提出的分配策略能够调节内外侧车轮产生差速效果，与转矩平均分配的策略相比，转向半径有所减小，提高车辆机动性；高速转向工况下，分配策略能够保证车辆稳定转向，与未考虑稳定性控制的分配策略相比，能更好地跟踪目标轨迹，且横摆角速度控制在参考横摆角速度附近，证明了所提控制策略的有效性。     

Lateral stability control of dynamic steering for dual motor drive high speed tracked vehicle

In this paper, the torque and power required by dual motors for electric tracked vehicle during dynamic steering maneuvers with different steering radiuses are analyzed. A steering coupling drive system composed of a new type of center steering motor, two Electromagnetic (EM) clutches, two planetary gear couplers, and two propulsion motors is proposed for the dual motors drive high speed electric tracked vehicle (2MHETV), which aims to improve its lateral stability. An average torque direct distribution control strategy based on steering coupling and an optimization-distribution-based close-loop control strategy are designed separately to control the driving torque or regenerative braking torque of two propulsion motors for vehicle stability enhancement. Then models of the 2MHETV and the proposed control strategy are established in Recudyn and Matlab/Simulink respectively to evaluate the lateral stability of dynamic steering for the 2MHETV with different steering radiuses on hard pavement.The simulation results show that the lateral stability of the 2MHETV can be significantly improved by the proposed optimization-distribution-based close-loop control strategy based on steering coupling system.     

Energy efficiency optimization of electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motors

Electric vehicle is considered to be the solution for energy and environment crisis, but it’s still not competitive enough with conventional vehicles because of the limited energy density and high cost of the power battery. So the energy efficiency is of the most importance for the control of electric vehicles. This paper looks into the energy efficiency optimization problem of electric vehicle driven by four in-wheel motors by developing a comprehensive energy efficiency model of the permanent magnet synchronous motor including the inverter. The calculated efficiency agrees with the measured data quite well. Based on the power loss analysis, the conclusion is drawn that in all driving or braking conditions the total torque requirement should be distributed evenly to all the motors in order to maximize the energy efficiency for electric vehicles driven by permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motors. Vehicle test results show that the energy efficiency of the evenly distributed torque control is higher than the control strategy proposed by control allocation in literature.     

Method for obtaining the modal properties of articulated trains equipped with independently rotating wheels

Independently rotating wheels in railway vehicles could represent an alternative to standard technology as a solution to dynamic problems such as hunting instability or steering forces in curves. Among the proposed design solutions, the train with independently rotating wheels and with the most practical applications is that developed by Talgo. The Talgo technology is based on the use of a passive steering technique of the wheelset through a mechanism. The absence of automatic control systems means that a careful selection of the mechanical parameters of the vehicle is required to improve its dynamic characteristics. Aspects such as dynamic stability or the effect of vibration on passenger comfort could be analysed by extracting the modal properties of the train from mathematical models. In this article, a methodology for determining the low-frequency modal properties of articulated trains equipped with independently rotating wheels and passive steering system (Talgo-type) is proposed. The singularity of this application based on the use of non-conventional wheelsets necessarily involves the development of a specific methodology.