桥墩紊流宽度的试验研究

由于我国现行的《内河通航标准》(GB50139-2004)中,没有桥墩紊流宽度的计算方法,桥梁设计人员为了保证船舶航行安全,通常将桥梁跨度加大,这样既增加了结构设计的难度,又增加了工程的投资。通过水槽定床和动床试验,分析了行近流速、行近水深、来流角度、桥墩尺寸、桥墩墩型、桥墩冲刷等因素对桥墩紊流宽度的影响,利用量纲分析法对实测数据进行整理,推导出了桥墩紊流宽度的计算公式。     

超临界雷诺数下桥墩紊流宽度的计算方法

桥墩紊流宽度的计算与水流雷诺数的范围关系较大,将影响到计算成果的合理性。结合山区河流超临界雷诺数条件,采用格子Boltzmann方法模拟桥墩三维紊流流场,并结合大涡模拟和运动边界处理方法,分析不同来流、河形等条件下的桥墩三维紊流宽度,由此建立了顺直河道和弯曲河道中圆型桥墩相对紊流宽度与弗劳德数之间的耦合关系。该研究成果通过四川邓家坝大桥航宽验算,与经验法及祖小勇算法比较,发现该方法得出的桥墩紊流宽度略小、其数值趋于合理。     

航道边线与桥墩之间安全距离的研究

合理地确定通航桥梁的最小净空宽度,保证船队航行和桥梁安全,是桥梁建设和航道建设均应重视的问题。文章提出了计算通航桥孔宽度的计算公式。当桥梁轴线的法线方向与水流方向的偏角超过5°时,通航桥孔净空宽度应在一般航道宽度的基础上增加考虑水流产生的船舶横向漂移,并在桥墩和航道边线之间留有足够的安全距离。利用PIV技术,获得桥墩周围流场的准确信息,从水流紊动的角度,提出了安全距离的确定方法。     

弯曲河道方形桥墩紊流宽度数值模拟

弯曲河道流态复杂,修建桥梁后桥墩对河道流场改变较大,对船舶航行安全非常不利。采用格子Boltzmann方法模拟桥墩三维紊流流场,并结合大涡模拟和运动边界处理方法,分析不同来流、弯曲半径等条件下的方形桥墩三维紊流宽度,由此建立了相对紊流宽度与弗劳德数之间耦合关系。利用上述成果,以四川新西林大桥为例进行验算,并与长江航道规划设计研究院的研究成果比较。结果发现,该方法得出的桥墩紊流宽度略大,但数值趋于合理。     

Effect of downward seepage on turbulent flow characteristics and bed morphology around bridge piers

In this work, experimental investigations have been pursued to analyse the influence of downward seepage on the turbulent characteristics of flow and corresponding changes in vortex structure around circular bridge pier in alluvial channel. Experiments were conducted in sand bed channel with circular piers of different sizes for no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage cases. The measurement of turbulent flow statistics such as velocity and Reynolds stresses is found to be negative within the scour hole at upstream of the pier whereas application of downward seepage retards the reversal of the flow causing a decrement in the velocity and Reynolds stresses. Higher Reynolds shear stress prevails at the downstream side because of the production of wake vortices. Contribution of all bursting events to the total Reynolds shear stress production has been observed to increase with downward seepage. The analysis of integral scale suggest that size of eddies increases with seepage, which is responsible for increase in particle mobility. Initially rate of scouring is more which abatements gradually with expanding time as well as with the increased of downward seepage. Presence of downward seepage reduces the depth and length of vortex and shifts towards downstream side of the pier.     

桥墩下游渗流对湍流和桥墩周围地表形态的影响（英文）

In this work, experimental investigations have been pursued to analyse the influence of downward seepage on the turbulent characteristics of flow and corresponding changes in vortex structure around circular bridge pier in alluvial channel. Experiments were conducted in sand bed channel with circular piers of different sizes for no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage cases. The measurement of turbulent flow statistics such as velocity and Reynolds stresses is found to be negative within the scour hole at upstream of the pier whereas application of downward seepage retards the reversal of the flow causing a decrement in the velocity and Reynolds stresses. Higher Reynolds shear stress prevails at the downstream side because of the production of wake vortices. Contribution of all bursting events to the total Reynolds shear stress production has been observed to increase with downward seepage. The analysis of integral scale suggest that size of eddies increases with seepage, which is responsible for increase in particle mobility. Initially rate of scouring is more which abatements gradually with expanding time as well as with the increased of downward seepage. Presence of downward seepage reduces the depth and length of vortex and shifts towards downstream side of the pier.     

桥墩扰流对通航净宽尺度影响的试验研究

建桥后由于桥墩扰流,改变了原有的水流条件与河床冲淤条件,从而影响到原有的通航条件。在总结国内主要研究成果的基础上,结合水槽定、动床试验成果,对桥墩扰流宽度影响因素进行深入分析,并用量纲分析法得出其计算公式。     

Comparison of Scour and Flow Characteristics Around Circular and Oblong Bridge Piers in Seepage Affected Alluvial Channels

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one. However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage. The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.     

受渗流影响的冲积河道中圆型和矩形桥墩受腐蚀情况和流动特性比较（英文）

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one.However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage.The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.     

具有向下渗漏特性的沙质渠道中串列桥墩绕流及冲刷特性试验研究（英文）

Experimental investigations have been carried out to study morpho-hydraulic characteristics such as scour geometry and turbulent flow properties around tandem piers in alluvial channels. Experiments were carried out in a plane sand bed with two circular piers of same diameter arranged in tandem manner under no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage conditions. Downward seepage minimizes the scour depth around piers and restrains the development of scour depth with time. Strong reversal flow is found near the bed at upstream of piers and near free surface at downstream of piers where velocity and Reynolds shear stress are found to be negative which reduce in magnitude with downward seepage. The flow is more critical within the gap between two piers where velocity is lesser near free surface and gradually increasing towards bed. Quadrant analysis shows that contribution of each event to the total Reynolds shear stress increases with downward seepage. Sedimentation effect prevails within the scour hole whereas outside the scour hole erosive forces become more dominant. Reduced reversal flow at upstream of pier because of downward seepage results in decreasing higher order moments and turbulent kinetic energy. At downstream of piers, secondary currents are dominant due to wake vortices. Strouhal number decreases in case of seepage runs than no seepage condition.     

天然弯曲河道跨河建筑物跨度确定方法

研究天然弯道(不考虑潮流影响),以航道宽度作为弯道跨河建筑物的最小跨度,提出弯道跨河建筑物最小跨度的确定方法。结果表明,天然弯道跨河建筑物的最小跨度与船舶的航迹带宽度、风致漂移量、流致漂移量和建筑物墩部紊流范围密切相关。航迹带宽度、风致漂移量、流致漂移量和建筑物墩部紊流范围越大,弯道跨河建筑物的最小跨度也越大。从通航安全角度出发,提出天然弯道流致漂移量、建筑物墩部紊流范围和弯道跨河建筑物最小跨度的数学计算模型。     

鹦鹉洲大桥对航道整治工程的影响及解决措施

为研究解决鹦鹉洲大桥对航道整治工程的影响问题,通过整体模型与局部模型试验相结合的手段,对建桥前后桥区河段局部河床冲淤变化情况、局部防护范围及防护措施效果进行了研究。试验结果证明,桥墩局部冲刷会对航道整治工程的稳定性产生影响,因此必须研究并采取防护措施。通过防护方案的实施,大桥建设不会对航道整治工程效果造成明显不利影响。     

港珠澳大桥工程二维潮流数学模型研究

文章建立了基于无结构网格的港珠澳大桥所在海区平面二维潮流数学模型,并采用潮流数值模拟手段对该海区的潮流动力进行了模拟研究,分析了大桥工程周围海域的潮流动力影响。为了在宽广海域中刻画桥墩的阻水影响,将桥墩概化为陆地,并采用桩基阻力处理方法处理桥墩阻力。通过研究采用了局部网格加密方法,桥墩处最小网格长度仅2.39m。研究结果表明:港珠澳大桥的建设对伶仃洋潮流的影响甚微。若以流速变化0.01m/s作为有显著影响的判断标准,则工程对潮流的影响仅限于内伶仃岛与桂山岛之间的大桥及人工岛附近。大量的研究结果可为论证港珠澳大桥建设方案的可行性提供理论依据。     

潮汐河段桥墩局部冲刷深度的试验研究

随着公路延伸到潮汐河道和近海海港,在桥梁设计中需要对潮汐河段桥墩的局部冲刷深度进行分析。在动床模型试验中使用了典型的潮汐水流条件和3种代表性的模型沙。使用拍照和测量记录下冲刷坑的形态和深度变化过程,得到了潮汐河段桥墩的冲刷过程,将潮流冲刷的深度与恒定流的深度进行比较,得出不同条件下冲刷深度的折减系数为0.75~0.92,建议以涨落急最大流速代替恒定流流速作为计算的标准,试验结果还表明泥沙粒径小于0.15 mm条件下的公式计算结果与试验结果有差别,建议对公式进行修正。     

底部薄板附近的水流及泥沙运动特性

通过水槽实验探讨了在饱和来沙条件下底部薄板附近的水流、泥沙运动特性,包括不同薄板高度、与水流不同夹角的安装方向等情况下,单个底部薄板附近的水流结构、泥沙运动规律、底部薄板的导沙特性及其附近的冲淤现象,以及底部薄板群体的导沙特性。试验结果表明,实验使用的薄板的长度对实验结果影响很大,过短的薄板实验根本观察不到薄板前冲刷沟内的沙波运动,而该沙波运动严重影响薄板的导沙效应。底部薄板附近的水流结构具有强烈的三维特性,流场复杂,对于一定的薄板,水流夹角、沙波的运动是影响薄板的导流导沙促淤的主要因素。     

枢纽下游河床冲刷深度估算方法

根据沙量守恒原理,从宏观上建立了清水冲刷深度估算公式。公式涉及到床沙可悬百分数;推移质单宽率输沙量及其变化过程;冲刷过程中水流条件的变化;粗化层厚度及其级配等疑难问题。通过水槽试验和理论分析给出了这些问题的计算关系式,获得了冲刷深度估算方法。经试验资料检验,精度良好。     

往复流不同入射角条件下跨海大桥桥墩局部冲刷研究

文章以港珠澳跨海大桥工程为依托,采用理论计算和模型试验的手段进行研究,在公式得到验证的基础上,针对往复流不同入射角条件下桥墩局部冲刷深度问题进行探讨。结果表明:潮汐往复流条件下,桥墩上下游均出现局部冲刷,且上游冲刷深度大于下游;当桥墩迎流面与往复流流向基本垂直时,桥墩局部冲刷深度理论计算值略大于模型试验值,误差均在10%以内;在顺流面长度大于迎流面宽度的矩形桩墩墩型条件不变时,桥墩局部冲刷深度随往复流来流入射角的增大以变速率增大,且当入射角大于一定值时,桥墩冲刷深度趋于稳定。     

淤泥质海床上人工岛水流冲刷试验

港珠澳大桥人工岛局部冲刷是大桥工程设计亟待解决的关键技术问题。在现场资料分析与物理模型验证的基础上,采用正态系列模型延伸法,在潮汐宽水槽中研究了淤泥质海床上人工岛周围流态变化和局部冲刷的发展过程。研究结果表明,在洪季大潮情况下,东、西人工岛最大冲深分别为10.3 m和9.0 m,冲刷坑集中在岛桥结合部和隧道防护段及防撞墩附近;最大冲刷深度与人工岛的几何形状、流速、工程水域的沙土特性以及水深等相关,冲刷坑的平面形态则与岛型、水流夹角、涨落潮流速差以及潮流历时有密切关系。     

计算船撞力选择撞击速度时考虑墩位流速的方法

进行桥墩防撞设计时，船舶撞击速度是计算船撞力的重要参数之一，它直接影响到船撞力的大小和桥梁的设防标准。本文在分析各国船舶撞击桥墩的速度选取方法的基础上，研究了实际发生船撞时的速度和船舶偏航时船撞速度沿横向的变化趋势，指出了目前世界各国使用的5种方法存在的不足，提出了考虑船撞速度沿桥轴线方向的分布及船舶意外失速等因素综合影响下的撞击速度的计算方法。通过在安庆长江铁路大桥船撞研究中的应用实例，说明按照各桥墩所在位置选取的不同撞击速度计算船撞力的方法较为合理，可作为防船撞研究和设计的参考。     

韩家沱长江大桥方案选择与通航问题的研究

根据桥位选择的基本原则,在模型试验的基础上,从航道条件、河床演变、通航水流条件等方面对上、下桥位进行比较,得出韩家沱桥位（上桥位）为推荐桥位。通过对上、下桥位各桥型方案的通航净空尺度、桥墩位布置和施工因素对通航影响等方面进行研究,确定将韩家沱桥位432 m双塔斜拉桥作为推荐桥型。最后对建桥后的通航水流条件进行验证,并与建桥前进行比较,得出建桥后对库区航道通航影响较小,故韩家沱长江大桥方案选择合理可行。