船用空气瓶审图中的技术问题探讨

船用空气瓶是船舶上常见的压力容器设备，工作压力大都在3兆帕以下．虽然压力不算太高，但因为设计生产厂家众多．而且各厂的设计能力和生产工艺水平也参差不齐，要判断其设计是否安全，首先要把好审图这第一道技术关。这就需要审图验船师有较为扎实的压力容器知识，除了本社规范对空气瓶有相关技术要求以外．审图验船师还需对规范以外的重要技术有所了解。     

全国船用机械标准化技术委员会2014年度工作概况

<正>1专业领域范围船用机械标准化技术委员会的专业涵盖船舶动力装置和辅机,具体包括船用柴油机、汽轮机、燃气轮机、热气机及其附件和轴系;船舶管系及附件、船舶辅机(船用风机、泵、压缩机、制冷设备、空调机、分离机等)、甲板机械(锚机、舵机、绞车、起重设备等)、锅炉及压力容器(船用主、辅锅炉、热交换器等)、船用液压气动元件(包括液压、气动系统、泵、马达、各类控制阀、缸、蓄能器、管接头及其附件)、船舶防污染设备、船舶     

某型电液球阀自动开启原因分析及对策

某船用电液球阀在船舶停泊时自动开启,将部分气瓶的高压空气全部泄放至水舱内,造成一定损失和安全隐患。文章从该型电液球阀的组成和工作原理出发,对电液球阀自动开启的原因进行了分析,并提出相应对策。     

基于模糊故障树法的船舶气体运输储罐可靠性分析

氢气、天然气水上运输是一种既经济又安全的运输方式,但船舶气体运输储罐的可靠性一直令人担忧。本文针对高压船用气体储罐的特殊工作环境,其基本事件概率值难以准确确定,传统的故障树理论很难分析系统的失效情况,将模糊故障树分析方法应用于船舶气体运输储罐的失效分析中,较好地解决了传统压力容器失效故障树分析中基本事件可靠度的模糊性问题。     

用国产件代替进口件修复空气压缩机实践

空气压缩机简称空压机,是船舶的重要辅助机械.船舶一般备有2台同型空压机,要求其总排气量应能在1h内充满空气瓶,充气压力为2.5～3.0MPa,贮气量可连续供主机启动12次.空压机若不能正常工作,将直接影响船舶的正常航行,甚至危及船舶安全.所以,空压机修理十分重要.下面笔者就进口空压机的修理实践,谈谈这方面的体会.     

含裂纹船用气瓶安全评价及剩余寿命预测

针对船用气瓶使用过程中出现的疲劳失效问题,开展含裂纹气瓶安全评价及剩余寿命预测研究,通过疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验,得到疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式。对3种典型尺寸表面裂纹进行理论计算,获得船用气瓶安全评定结果和临界裂纹尺寸,并通过3种人工预制裂纹疲劳试验和安全评价验证理论公式的合理性。评定结果表明：当初始裂纹深度[a]≤1.5 mm,长度[2c]≤10 mm时,船用气瓶可安全使用至下一周期。     

江海直达船压力容器密封性检测方法的优化设计

文章以江海直达船压力容器密封性检测装置为研究对象,针对传统船用压力容器密封检测精度低、时间长、成本高、结果易受检测人员主观因素影响以及难以实现检测自动化等问题,从江海直达船压力容器密封性检测装置的设计要求出发,利用AutoCAD设计出一种基于PLC控制船用压力容器密封性的检测装置;并介绍了其检测装置的工作原理及检测判断流程,最后从检测结果及可行性分析等方面论证了船用压力容器密封性检测装置的优越性。结果表明,这种装置是非常可行的,具有操作简单方便、结果精准、测量范围广等优点。     

提高产品质量和规范选型是保证船舶安全的有效途径

船用产品是船舶的组成单元 ,是船舶的细胞 ,其性能参数的好坏与船舶的质量息息相关。目前 ,造船行业受市场经济价格杠杆主导 ,有的船厂、船东安全意识淡薄 ,违规安装船用产品仍然普遍存在 ,严重影响着船舶安全。从船用产品检验、工作环境及规范选型等方面进行阐述。     

船用自动翻床试制成功

为了适应我国出口船舶的发展以及国外对船舶生活设施要求越来越高的需要,最近上海航海仪器厂参照国外船用自动翻床的最新颖式和工作原理,自行设计试制成功一种适合于客货轮、工作船,军用船舶的船用自动翻床。     

船用焚烧炉常见故障与案例分析

船用焚烧炉是船舶防污染关键设备之一,在减少船舶对海洋污染发挥着重要作用。国际海事公约对船舶防污染要求愈发严格,确保船用焚烧炉工况良好尤为重要。以CYF-18型船用焚烧炉为例,阐述了焚烧炉燃烧工作控制过程,分析船用焚烧炉常见故障原因,结合故障案例,对故障原因进行分析、排除。     

A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

对船用低速柴油机NOx修正系数的研究

通过对MARPOL公约附则VI中NOx修正系数的研究表明，扫气空气温度属于可控制的进气参数，不需要出现在NOx修正系数公式中。作者研究认为进气温度、进气湿度和大气压力是三个重要影响因素，而将扫气空气温度与最高燃烧压力作为运行参数在ISO状况下对NOx值进行修正则更为合理，并推导出了新的NOx修正系数。     

上海新港区金山咀入海航道比选

本文是上海港务局委托的金山咀新港区通航第三代集装箱船可行性研究成果的一部分。作者首先简略地介绍了杭州湾3条航道的现状,提出了北、中、南3条航线供最后比较选择,然后依据近年的潮位资料进行了分析、计算,预测乘潮过浅的能力,最后得出了航线比选的结论:以大戢山灯桩为起始点的杭州湾南航道为最佳航线,通航吃水以10.5m以下船舶为宜;吃水11.0m以上船舶进入杭州湾已相当困难,故在杭州湾要通航第三代集装箱船应对航道浅段疏浚增深。     

Bigger vessels: How big is too big?

Growth in container liner traffic has been high for several decades and current growth rates are expected to continue, putting pressure on ports and liner companies to increase investment. Several factors are pushing up the capacity of new buildings, and bigger, rather than more, ships alleviate pressure on ports. But ship operating cost benefits will be eroded unless cargo handling performance can be upgraded. Because of physical inhibitions in existing facilities the recent pace at which lines have increased the size of the biggest ships operating seems likely to plateau in the next few years.     

基于模拟减少集装箱船待港时间的实用方法(英文)

The main challenge for container ports is the planning required for berthing container ships while docked in port.Growth of containerization is creating problems for ports and container terminals as they reach their capacity limits of various resources which increasingly leads to traffic and port congestion.Good planning and management of container terminal operations reduces waiting time for liner ships.Reducing the waiting time improves the terminal’s productivity and decreases the port difficulties.Two important keys to reducing waiting time with berth allocation are determining suitable access channel depths and increasing the number of berths which in this paper are studied and analyzed as practical solutions.Simulation based analysis is the only way to understand how various resources interact with each other and how they are affected in the berthing time of ships.We used the Enterprise Dynamics software to produce simulation models due to the complexity and nature of the problems.We further present case study for berth allocation simulation of the biggest container terminal in Iran and the optimum access channel depth and the number of berths are obtained from simulation results.The results show a significant reduction in the waiting time for container ships and can be useful for major functions in operations and development of container ship terminals.     

中小型集装箱船方形系数估算公式

在所收集的近百艘中小型集装箱船船型资料的基础上,作者对集装箱船方形系数与载箱数、傅汝德数的关系作了分析,并应用计算机回归得到一个能反映集装箱船特征的方形系数估算公式。此公式可应用于集装箱船的初步设计阶段。     

1600TEU集装箱船侧斜桨设计及首制船的试航分析

介绍一艘1600TEU集装箱船的侧斜桨设计及包括4只不同设计的侧斜桨模型比测试验。还给出两艘该首制船的试航结果及相关分析。到目前为止已有5搜1600TEU集装箱船投入国际航线参加航运。该船是目前全部由国内设计和制造的最大全集装箱船，其线型和螺旋桨设计之经中用于其他大型集装箱船的设计。     

Optimal reefer slot conversion for container freight transportation

Given a fleet of container ships of varying capacity, a cost-efficient approach for improving fleet utilization and reducing the number of delayed containers is to optimize the sequence of container ships in a given string, a problem which belongs to the large ship-deployment class. A string sequence with ‘uniformly’ distributed ship capacity is more likely to accommodate a random container shipment demand. The number of one’s total ship slots acts as a gauge of the capacity of the container ships. Meanwhile, there are two types of ship slots: dry slots and reefer slots. A dry slot only accommodates a dry container, while a reefer slot can accommodate either a dry or a reefer container. The numbers of dry and reefer slots for ships in a string are different. Therefore, in this study, we propose a model that considers both dry and reefer slots and use it to elucidate the optimal ship-deployment sequence. The objective is to minimize the delay of dry and reefer containers when the demand is uncertain. Furthermore, based on the optimal sequence deduced, the study also investigates the need to convert some dry slots to reefer slots for the container ships.     

插入式钢圆筒筒内侧土压力分布规律及计算方法

针对插入式钢圆筒筒内土压力计算理论多样性、计算结果差别大的问题,分析筒内土压力分布规律及计算方法。结合港珠澳大桥岛隧工程西人工岛X37#钢圆筒,采用有限元软件PLAXIS 3D和多种理论计算方法对比分析筒内土压力。结果表明：筒内土压力不是随深度增加一直增大,库拉依宁法计算筒内土压力结果与三维有限元软件分析结果比较吻合,在工程设计中可以采用库拉依宁法计算筒内土压力。分析成果可以为钢圆筒筒壁水平张力计算提供依据,从而合理确定钢圆筒筒壁厚度。     

货舱内装载水冷箱的通风数值模拟分析

采用数值模拟分析的方法,以装载水冷式冷藏集装箱船的典型货舱为研究对象,对两种货舱通风模式进行模拟分析,并进一步计算分析4种不同风管布置方案的温度和速度分布情况,根据研究结果得出最佳的货舱通风方案,为装载水冷式冷藏集装箱船的货舱通风设计提供参考。