光电装备电磁兼容技术初探

本文针对光电装备的电磁兼容技术进行了探讨和研究,从EMC设计的基本措施出发,论述了屏蔽、滤波、接地技术的原理及应用,介绍了光电装备中一些实用、有效的EMC设计方法。     

可靠性实验室接地技术研究

合理地设计和安装接地对可靠性实验室具有十分重要的意义。文章探讨了可靠性实验室接地含义、分类,并提出了结合可靠性实验室的特殊要求不同接地的措施及处理方法。     

风电机组电气设备雷击瞬态接地特性及差异化防护

风电机组电气设备直接或间接与接地系统相连,风机遭受雷击时需要对两者电位差提出差异化防护建议。结合矩量法给出风电机组的模块化雷击瞬态计算模型,针对雷击叶片或机舱避雷针时接地路径上电位分布找到雷击薄弱点,重点对机舱内电气设备、塔筒内机柜以及控制电缆提出差异性防护措施和建议：建议机舱内所有电气设备外壳和底板添加等电位连接线,显著降低两者电位差约90.7%;建议增加机舱内表面金属网格至8×8个,电磁场强度最大可降低83.71%,有效避免机舱内闭合电路产生耦合电流;建议控制电缆机舱端和塔底端双端接地,电缆的芯皮电位差可控制在2 kV以内;建议塔筒内机柜位于塔筒高度的1/3位置,并尽可能改善土壤接地环境以降低泄流时机柜接地电位。     

油气化工码头电气设计

近年来,由于各类国家规范的新旧更替,油气化工码头电气设计中存在诸多争议点。针对这些问题,在新发布的油气化工码头防火规范中,对旧规范的相关条文进行了修订。本文对新规范进行细致的研读,将规范条文与工程实践紧密结合,通过对油气化工码头爆炸危险区域划分、防静电及杂散电流接地及岸电设计等方面进行分析和论述,归纳不同爆炸危险区域划分的优缺点,提出符合防火新规的防静电及杂散电流接地的做法,并对油气化工码头岸电的设置提出观点和建议。     

码头工程配电系统的接地设计

码头工程配电系统的接地设计是码头电气设计的重要内容,合理设计配电系统的接地,对码头电气工程的安全性(人身安全及设备安全)、可靠性和经济性具有重要的意义,但是接地系统比较复杂、难以理解和把握、设计文件中经常存在安全隐患。根据10 kV电网不同的接地方式(不接地及低电阻接地),对码头配电系统的接地设计进行分析,加深对接地系统的理解,为码头配电系统的接地设计提供帮助。     

降阻剂在高电阻率的地区使用之浅析

通过对降阻剂在使用了７年之后所进行的跟踪调查，分析了降阻剂降低接地电阻的效果是可以较长时间地保持在穗定状态的原因，并分析了降阻剂对接地体的防腐蚀性能，提出了在选用阻剂时要充分进行技术条件的分析的建议。     

河口潮流段设计最低通航水位计算方法的探讨

分析现行标准规范对潮汐影响明显的感潮河段航道的设计最低通航水位计算方法的有关规定及存在问题，提出采用理论最低潮面作为这类航道的设计最低通航水位的建议。并建议有关标准规范采用与理论最低潮面值接近的其它实用替代方法。     

岸电接地电阻仿真研究

本文根据建筑物接地时常用基础接地极方式减小接地电阻的经验,提出岸电接地装置接地极可以采用基础接地极方式。对基础接地极电阻进行ANSYS仿真计算,通过与垂直接地极电阻理论计算结果相对比,确定基础接地方式的可用性,并得到了码头接地装置和船壳之间不需要连接导体的结论。该研究将对码头接地装置接地极设计提供理论依据,为岸电系统运行安全性提供了保证。     

微机电网接地监测系统

设计了电网接地点监测系统,通过对电网两端电流的测量,经过变换送到计算机内进行计算,判断电网是否发生接地故障,若发生接地故障时,给出接地点的位置,并报警。     

基于IEEE Std.80-2000变电所接地网设计简析

详细介绍了基于IEEE Std.80-2000变电所接地网设计的步骤,简要分析并总结了相关设计经验。结合某工程进 行计算举例,同时用ETAP软件仿真,验证计算结果。最后针对IEEE Std.80-2000和ETAP软件在工程中的实际应用给出了使 用建议。     

小水线面船单点搁浅损伤特性分析

小水线面船吃水较深，极易与海底擦碰而搁浅，从而带来搁浅强度问题。小水线面船搁浅时，潜体和连接桥结构受载的严酷程度以单点搁浅最为严重且单点搁浅模式（即单点搁浅模式）发生的概率最大。基于非线性有限元理论，应用商用大型有限元软件建立小水线面的整船搁浅有限元模型，研究小水线面船分别触礁石和泥沙底以单点搁浅模式搁浅时的搁浅特性。通过仿真分析，获得小水线面船搁浅的时序损伤特性、搁浅载荷及小水线面船各部分结构在搁浅载荷作用下的强度性能。本文对SWATH的搁浅特性进行了初步的研究，所得结论对小水线面船结构设计和小水线面船搁浅强度的评估具有一定的参考价值。     

Investigation on structural performance predictions of double-bottom tankers during shoal grounding accidents

An investigation is carried out in this paper for the predictions of structural performance of double-bottom tankers during ship grounding over the “shoal” type seabed obstacles. Hong and Amdahl developed a simplified analytical model for the unstiffened double bottom. This method is carefully studied, verified and then used as the first stage of our prediction. The second stage is concerned with stiffeners since stiffeners are indispensable components for double-bottom tankers. A prevailing way to handle is to smear stiffeners onto their attached plating known as the smeared thickness method. However, the effective ratio in this method is dubious in such shoal grounding accidents. Proper values of this parameter are determined in stage two, and then together with the method in stage one, constitute a reliable and efficient tool for structural performance predictions of double-bottom structures in shoal grounding accidents.A double-bottom tanker is chosen as object for the case study. Finite element models of the hold both stiffened and unstiffened are created for numerical simulations using the LS_DYNA software. Simulation cases cover a wide range of slope angles of the indenter and indentations. Numerical results show that Hong and Amdahl's model in stage one is capable of predicting energy dissipation with high precision but poor accuracy for grounding resistances, and a possible reason may be the neglect of vertical resistance. The updated smeared method proposed in stage two is also proved to be capable of grasping major characteristics of stiffeners. Results and conclusions drawn from this paper can be conveniently applied for assessments of the performance of ship double-bottom structures during shoal sliding grounding scenarios, and will benefit the application of accidental limit state design concept in the ship design stage.     

船舶碰撞机理与耐撞性结构设计研究综述

研究船舶碰撞和触底事故的机理,以及如何提高船舶结构耐撞性是船舶碰撞研究领域的热点.文章介绍了解析法、数值仿真技术和风险分析法的发展与应用特点,阐述了近些年来船舶碰撞、船舶触底、缓冲船首设计、船桥碰撞和船舶与海洋平台碰撞等领域的研究成果,列举了一些降低船舶碰撞和触底事故风险的新型结构设计,并对今后的研究方向提出了若干建议.     

Analysis of structural crashworthiness of double-hull ships in collision and grounding

A conceptual design framework for collision and grounding analysis is proposed to evaluate the crashworthiness of double-hull structures. This work attempts to simplify the input parameters needed for the analysis, which can be considered as a step towards a design-oriented procedure against collision and grounding. Four typical collision and grounding scenarios are considered: (1) side structure struck by a bulbous bow, (2) side structure struck by a straight bow, (3) bottom raking, (4) bottom stranding. The analyses of these scenarios are based on statistical data of striking ship dimensions, velocities, collision angles and locations, as well as seabed shapes and sizes, grounding depth and location. The evaluation of the damage extent considers the 50- and 90-percentile values from the statistics of collision and grounding accidents. The external dynamics and internal mechanics are combined to analyse systematically the ship structural damage and energy absorption under accidental loadings.     

Full six degrees of freedom coupled dynamic simulation of ship collision and grounding accidents

By taking advantage of the user-defined load subroutine (loadud) and the user common subroutine (usercomm) in LS-DYNA, the authors proposed a new coupled approach for simultaneously calculating structural damage and the planar 3DOF ship motions in ship collisions. The coupled procedure aimed at predicting the detailed structural damage together with reasonable global ship motions. This paper extends the method to consider the full 6DOF ship motions; thus, ship collision as well as grounding accidents can be properly handled. This method is particularly useful for design purposes because the detailed ship hull profile is not needed.A traditional ship maneuvering model is used for the in-plane surge, sway and yaw degrees of freedom with a series of nondimensional coefficients determined from experiments. It is assumed that the out-of-plane degrees of freedom are not coupled with the in-plane ship motions, and there is no coupling among roll, pitch and heave motions. The implementation is verified through free decay tests, and the obtained natural periods show good agreement with theoretical results.Several collision and grounding cases are simulated in which a supply vessel crashes into rigid plates with different orientations. The effects of the roll motion, the heave and pitch motions and the full 6DOF motions are studied. The results are compared with those from a 6DOF decoupled method. Ship motions through the proposed method compare reasonably well with SIMO results. It is found that several consecutive impacts may occur in the simulation of one collision case due to the periodic motions. This is not taken into account in the decoupled method, which makes this method unconservative.     

基于ABAQUS的船舶搁浅数值仿真研究

船舶搁浅性能研究是船底结构设计的一个重要环节。应用国际上通用的动力有限元程序ABAQUS／EXPLICIT对船舶搁浅动力学过程进行仿真研究。通过系列仿真试验,对不同搁浅位置及摩擦系数的情形下船底结构的搁浅性能,包括结构的损伤变形、搁浅力和能量的吸收分别进行对比和分析,得到一部分重要的结论,为船舶搁浅性能的评估及结构优化设计提供重要依据。     

船舶中压交流综合电力推进系统接地故障分析

为避免因接地故障而引起的电力系统过电压、设备损坏,需要对接地系统进行合理设计,设定合适的接地电流保护阈值。本文对船舶中压交流综合电力推进系统接地故障模式进行了分析,以实船为例,完成了中性点高阻接地装置的选型分析计算和验证。     

船底座礁实验数值模拟中选择参数影响研究

非线性有限元方法是分析船舶碰撞和搁浅问题的一个强有力工具,但是数值模拟结果的可靠性很大程度上依赖于对工程问题的恰当处理和有限元软件中主要参数的准确控制.本文以某单壳船底结构准静态座礁实验结果为例,用非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA进行数值模拟,研究了下列选择参数对单壳船底结构抗撞性的影响:边界条件;船底结构的材料模型;壳单元类型;船底结构与礁石模型之间的摩擦系数;船底结构的残余应力.通过比较计算结果的碰撞力曲线,能量吸收曲线来评价这些参数对数值模拟的影响并给出了一些建议.