Statistical properties of bulk carrier longitudinal strength

The paper focuses on time-variant longitudinal strength of bulk carriers under corrosion wastage, applying both Taylor series expansion method and Monte Carlo simulation. Hull girder section modulus and ultimate bending moment capacity are determined, by classical beam theory and the commonly applied incremental-iterative approach, respectively. Two main aspects are fully discussed and investigated, according to the final recommendations of last ISSC Report. The former regards the covariance between annual corrosion rates of individual structural members, commonly assumed as uncorrelated. Really, as it is conceivable that a certain correlation exists, three different cases are investigated: uncorrelated variables, fully correlated variables, full correlation between structural members belonging to the same category of compartments. The latter investigates the probability density function of both hull girder section modulus and ultimate bending capacity, because the Central Limit Theorem cannot be applied when correlation among random variables exists. Finally, as a test example, the bulk carrier section, presented in the last ISSC benchmark study, is analysed.     

Time-variant ultimate longitudinal strength of corroded bulk carriers

Many bulk carrier losses have been reported of late, and one of the possible causes of such casualties is thought to be the structural failure of aging hulls in rough weather. In aging ships, corrosion and fatigue cracks are the two most important factors affecting structural safety and integrity. This paper uses a set of the time-dependent corrosion wastage models for 23 different member locations/categories of bulk carriers previously developed by the authors, based on the available corrosion measurements for existing large bulk carrier structures. Differences due to the location and corrosion severity of every member type are taken into account. The nominal design corrosion values for the primary members are suggested based on the annualized corrosion rates obtained in the present study. The effect of time-variant corrosion wastage on the ultimate hull girder strength as well as the section moduli is studied. The criteria for repair and maintenance of heavily corroded structural members so as to keep the ultimate longitudinal strength at an acceptable level are discussed. Important insights and conclusions developed are summarized.     

CFRP修复的FPSO点蚀船体梁极限强度分析

采用非线性有限元法对中拱和中垂工况条件下碳纤维增强聚合物(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, CFRP)修复的浮式生产储卸油装置(Floating Production Storage and Offloading, FPSO)点蚀船体梁极限强度进行仿真分析。对比FPSO的完整船体梁、点蚀船体梁和CFRP修复的点蚀船体梁的中拱极限弯矩和中垂极限弯矩，分析CFRP对FPSO点蚀船体梁的修复效果，并分析胶层失效规律。结果表明，CFRP可为船舶的高效修复提供一种新的方式。     

协调版共同结构规范对港口工况下散货船的影响分析

协调版共同结构规范（CSR-H）对港口工况下船体梁强度和船体构件局部强度的要求与先前的油船共同结构规范（CSR-OT）基本一致,而相比散货船共同结构规范（CSR-BC）有明显变化。通过对比分析CSR-H和CSR-BC对于港口工况具体要求的差异,并结合实船数据分析,阐述基于CSR-H要求的港口工况对散货船结构设计的影响;并探讨针对符合CSR-H的散货船,如何合理选取船体梁许用静水弯矩值和许用静水剪力值。     

点蚀损耗对船体梁极限强度的影响（英文）

The paper focuses on the assessment of the hull girder ultimate strength,combined with random pitting corrosion wastage,by the incremental-iterative method.After a brief review about the state of art,the local ultimate strength of pitted platings under uniaxial compression is preliminarily outlined and subsequently a closed-form design formula is endorsed in the Rule incremental-iterative method,to account for pitting corrosion wastage in the hull girder ultimate strength check.The ISSC bulk carrier is assumed as reference ship in a benchmark study,devoted to test the effectiveness of the incremental-iterative method,by a comparative analysis with a set of FE simulations,performed by Ansys Mechanical APDL.Four reference cases,with different locations of pitting corrosion wastage,are investigated focusing on nine combinations of pitting and corrosion intensity degrees.Finally,a comparative analysis between the hull girder ultimate strength,combined with pitting corrosion wastage,and the relevant values,complying with the Rule net scantling approach,is performed.Based on current results,the modified incremental-iterative method allows efficiently assessing the hull girder ultimate strength,combined with pitting corrosion wastage,so revealing useful both in the design process of new vessels and in the structural health monitoring of aged ships.     

散货船碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度

船体梁受到碰撞损伤后,必须有足够的剩余强度用以抵抗最大外弯矩,同时还需能够承受最大剪力.在众多类型的船舶中,散货船是一种抗剪能力较差的船型.对于其碰撞损伤后纵向剩余极限弯矩的研究已有较多的文献[2-7],而对于碰撞损伤后的剪切极限强度的研究目前还比较少.针对这一现状,本文的主要目的在于分析讨论散货船受到碰撞损伤后的极限承剪能力;分析结构几何尺寸,碰撞损伤形状以及边界条件等各种因素对碰撞破损船体抗剪能力的影响.为了方便起见,文中也给出了相应的回归经验公式.本文同时还推导了一个船体梁碰撞损伤后的初始屈服剪力计算公式.最后,本文以一艘散货船为例,计算分析其碰撞损伤后的抗剪能力,从中得出一些有益的结论.     

基于完整船体极限强度和搁浅剩余强度的协调共同结构规范对比分析

文章基于Smith法,根据国际船级社协会发布的2013版协调共同结构规范(HCSR)中破损模型、失效模式和载荷模型,考虑材料屈服、结构单元屈曲及后屈曲的特性,应用FORTRAN程序设计语言编写船体极限强度计算程序,以某76000吨散货船为算例,对完整船体的极限强度进行计算,对搁浅状态下破损船体的剩余强度进行计算并校核承载能力。通过在中拱和中垂工况下与其他规范的对比验证,2013版HCSR指定的剩余强度校核公式及船体梁载荷计算公式中选取的安全系数要求更高,校核更严格。     

Ultimate strength analysis of a bulk carrier hull girder under alternate hold loading condition,Part 2: Stress distribution in the double bottom and simplified approaches

This is the second of two companion papers dealing with nonlinear finite element modelling and ultimate strength analysis of the hull girder of a bulk carrier under Alternate Hold Loading (AHL) condition. The methodology for nonlinear finite element modelling as well as the ultimate strength results from the nonlinear FE analyses was discussed in the companion paper (Part 1). The purpose of the present paper is to use the FE results to contribute towards developing simplified methods applicable to practical design of ship hulls under combined global and local loads. An important issue is the significant double bottom bending in the empty hold in AHL due to combined global hull girder bending moment and local loads. Therefore, the stress distributions in the double bottom area at different load levels i.e. rule load level and ultimate failure load level are presented in detail. The implication of different design pressures obtained by different rules (CSR-BC rules and DNV rules) on the stress distribution is investigated. Both (partially) heavy cargo AHL and fully loaded cargo AHL are considered. Factors of influence of double bottom bending such as initial imperfections, local loads, stress distribution and failure modes on the hull girder strength are discussed. Simplified procedures for determination of the hull girder strength for bulk carriers under AHL conditions are also discussed in light of the FE analyses.     

船体在疲劳和腐蚀损伤下的可靠性

在疲劳和腐蚀作用下，船体梁舯剖面模数折减，导致极限承载能力下降，在此基础上进行可靠性分析。文中腐蚀率是一个有常数平均值的随机变量，疲劳裂纹根据Paris公式计算，当静水弯矩和波浪弯矩的组合值超过船体梁极限承载能力时，发生船体梁失效。以一艘散货船为例，计算其可靠性随时间的变化。计算结果可为船东和船级社评估船舶营运期间疲劳和腐蚀对船舶可靠性的影响提供参考。     

散货船CSR屈曲应力计算方法对结构设计的影响

屈曲强度是船舶结构设计中需要着重考虑的因素之一,对于散货船来说更是如此.散货船CSR对构件屈曲强度的校核方法与标准作了明确的规定,其中在直接计算法中屈曲应力的计算采用了新的方法--位移法.文章以载重量为118 000 t散货船货舱区的外底板和底部纵桁为例,分别采用CSR的位移法和原规范的平均应力法计算其屈曲强度,并作了比较,进而说明CSR位移法对散货船结构设计的影响,具有实际参考价值.     

Reliability analysis of a bulk carrier in ultimate limit state under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition

The alternate hold still-water loading in hogging combined with wave loading is critical for the safe design of bulk carriers. The ultimate longitudinal strength of the hull girder of bulk carriers in this condition has been found to be considerably reduced by the action of local lateral pressure loads. In the present paper, an interaction equation based on the ultimate hull girder strength assessment obtained by nonlinear finite element analyses is adopted to consider the relationship between ultimate longitudinal bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom. This interaction equation is used as the basis for the failure function. The annual probability of failure is obtained by FORM analysis considering two typical load cases, namely, pure longitudinal hogging bending moment and combined global hogging bending moment and local lateral pressure loads. The effect of heavy weather avoidance on the failure probability is evaluated. The results show that the local lateral pressure has a significant influence on the annual probability of failure of bulk carriers in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition.     

破损船体非对称弯曲极限强度分析及可靠性评估

在船体发生破损后,其剩余有效剖面是非对称的,船体还可能倾斜。本文首先对破损船体非对称弯曲进行了弹性和塑性分析,在此基础上假设了破损船体发生整体破坏时的剖面应力分布,给出了破损船体非对称弯曲极限强度分析方法,并采用了比较精细的方法计算加筋板格的屈曲极限强度。以箱型梁模型和超大型油船为例,将本文的计算结果与试验、ＩＳＵＭ法及解析公式的结果进行了比较。基于破损船体极限强度,结合重要性样本法,对６５,００     

考虑检测维修更新的船体梁时变可靠性分析

目前对服役期内船舶时变可靠性的分析,主要考虑疲劳和腐蚀这两类损伤随时间累积对剖面模数的影响,但很少考虑检测维修因素对损伤的修复作用.本文以某疏浚船为例,通过Matlab软件编程,以船体梁总纵强度为分析对象,建立极限状态方程,定量计算疲劳和腐蚀随时间对剖面模数造成的折减,并定量分析了疲劳裂纹和腐蚀板件检测维修的影响,对船舶的时变可靠性进行分析.计算结果表明,疲劳裂纹和腐蚀损伤随时间累积均会引起船体梁时变可靠度降低,且腐蚀是时变可靠度降低的主要因素;对裂纹和腐蚀板件的检测维修能恢复船舶的可靠度,时变可靠度恢复的效果与裂纹检测精度和腐蚀板件最小允许折减量比率有关.建议在后续研究中将对损伤的检测维修因素纳入分析.     

散货船隔舱重载下极限强度简易计算方法研究

散货船在装载矿石等重货时,通常只装载在奇数货舱内,这就是所谓的隔舱重载工况。在这种工况下,中间舱的双层底结构除受到总纵弯曲作用外,还会受到邻舱重货引起的局部弯曲作用,而且该局部弯曲的作用会降低中拱状态下船体梁的极限强度。文章提出了一种简易计算方法,顶边舱结构和底边舱结构可以看作两根梁,双层底结构可视作正交异性板,运用双梁理论和正交异性板理论可推导出局部弯曲的影响。然后,考虑该局部弯曲的作用,用Smith法计算船体梁的极限强度。最后,将文中方法计算的结果与FEM结果进行比较,并对结果进行了分析。     

破损散货船剩余极限强度的评估与分析

船体发生破损后.其剩余有效剖面是非对称的,船体还可能倾斜.根据IACS共同规范(CSR),采用逐步破坏分析法计算船体梁在不同破损情况下的剩余极限强度,同时编制了计算程序.对1艘散货船在完整和不同破损状态下的船体结构安全性进行了系统评估,并得到了一些有意义的结论.     

自卸式远洋散装水泥运输船特殊结构强度分析研究

以远洋散装水泥运输船为研究对象,采用三维有限元分析方法及ＤＮＶ船级社的ＳＥＳＡＭ结构计算软件,从船体结构强度、船舶振动预报和船体结构温度应力等方面对该型船结构设计的多项技术难点进行了详细的计算和评估。并且着重对大型散装水泥运输船间断内底板、中纵舱壁以及高腹板旁桁材等特殊结构的受力状态及应力分布进行分析和探讨。为自卸式散装水泥运输船的结构优化设计提供技术支撑。     

Ultimate hull girder strength of a bulk carrier under combined global and local loads in the hogging and alternate hold loading condition using nonlinear finite element analysis

For bulk carriers in hogging, the most critical situation is the alternate hold loading (AHL) condition with odd numbered holds loaded with high density cargoes and even numbered holds empty. The effect of the local lateral pressure loads should be considered in the assessment of ultimate hull girder strength in the hogging and AHL conditions. In the present paper the ultimate strength of a Capesize bulk carrier hull girder under combined global and local loads in the hogging and AHL condition is extensively and systematically investigated using nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis with ABAQUS software. Since the bulk carrier used as a reference vessel in this study is an old design we also studied the effect of modified scantlings by multiplying the plate thickness in the bottom structure by a design modification factor (DMF). In particular, it should be noted that a DMF of 1.4 gives a design in accordance with the new CSR rules. Based on the results obtained by nonlinear FE analyses, a practical interaction equation is established between global hogging bending capacity and average external sea pressure over the bottom.     

双壳散货船结构重量优化设计

提出了船舶结构优化设计的一般步骤,分别对双壳散货船的纵向构件、横向构件、槽形横舱壁三部分建立了结构优化设计的数学模型.采用进化算法,对“漫海“号散货船进行了实例计算,结果表明:经过优化设计,大大减轻了双壳散货船的结构重量,使之与未经优化的单壳散货船十分接近.     

Bottom damage scenarios for the hull girder structural assessment

This article covers the reliability assessment of the hull girder of a crude oil tanker, referring to a scenario in which the ship is exposed to sea loads after a damage to the bottom of the hull has occurred. A number of possible flooding configurations are examined, each one caused by a group of damage cases, characterized by different location and extent. Static loads, wave loads and residual structural resistance are determined for each damage case, with the objective of obtaining a prediction for the probability of the hull girder's failure. The various damage cases are compared to each other and unconditioned to derive the probability of failure extended to the ship's life due to a generic bottom damage.A probabilistic Bayesian Network model has been created to deal with these variables and with the dependency relationships existing between them. The results provided by the model are analyzed with the aim of identifying the parameters most influencing the problem. The work is intended to contribute to the development of a more rational treatment of accidental conditions in design structural requirements for ships.     

破损船体的剩余极限强度分析

基于ABS和DNv规范关于剩余强度规范要求,对船舶碰撞与搁浅的破损部位和范围的假定,考虑了发生碰撞与搁浅破损后,其船体梁剩余有效剖面的非对称性和可能发生不同程度倾斜的情况,采用结构共同规范(CSR)中的逐步破坏分析方法和船体梁非对称剖面计算模型,分别计算了散货船和油船破损船体在两种破损模式和不同倾斜情况下的剩余极限强度,并对不同破损范围的影响进行了分析和比较。研究结果为协调结构共同规范(HCSR)的制定提供了有价值的参考。