基于船-水-冰耦合技术的撞击参数对船冰碰撞性能的影响

以极地运输船舶的首部作为研究对象,建立基于流固耦合算法的船-水-冰耦合技术对三维船首与冰体碰撞的结构响应问题进行研究,成功解决了船体、冰体与流场、船体与冰体之间的耦合,考虑了碰撞过程中船体与冰体的同步损伤,并结合非线性有限元软件Ls-dyna对比分析了冰体质量、船冰碰撞角度等撞击参数的结构响应问题,分析了不同碰撞工况下船舶撞击冰体后损伤变形、碰撞力等方面的变化特征,对分析船舶与冰体碰撞的结构性能具有参考价值。     

水介质中船体板架模型与冰体碰撞试验研究

本文初步引入了对船冰碰撞过程中水介质存在作用的思考,来验证船-水-冰耦合碰撞数值仿真方法的合理性和可行性以及深入研究水介质中船体与冰体碰撞的结构响应问题。文中以某实船舷侧板架为研究对象,以缩尺比1:10加工模型,在水池中测得不同速度冰体撞击板架过程中板架结构各部位的应变值以及板架变形量;建立与模型试验相同的板架与冰体模型,进行数值仿真,将试验和仿真计算获得变形及应力峰值作对比,从而总结出不同撞击速度对船-水-冰耦合碰撞结果的影响规律。     

考虑预加水压力的船冰碰撞动态结构响应研究

针对水介质环境及水介质环境下速度、角度对船舶的结构响应影响机理,利用船舶CFD技术及非线性有限元法模拟水介质中的船-冰碰撞。对比研究船舶在有、无水介质环境下结构响应特性及水介质环境下不同速度、角度的动态结构响应特性,揭示了船舶在不同工况下的损伤变形及碰撞力规律,得到了有、无水介质环境、碰撞速度、碰撞角度等因素对船-冰碰撞的影响机理,为船舶抗冰载荷设计提供参考。     

船冰碰撞载荷下船舶结构加强方案研究

为了探究水介质对船—冰碰撞结构响应的影响,文章首次对考虑水介质中的船—冰碰撞问题进行了研究。模拟了船舶与冰体在水介质中的碰撞场景,研究船—水—冰三者共同耦合作用对船—冰碰撞的影响。将该计算方法应用于船—冰碰撞的多种工况计算,对比分析了增加外板厚度、横隔板厚度以及肋骨间距等多种加强方案对船体结构响应的差异。揭示了碰撞区域的损伤变形、碰撞力、结构吸能随外板厚度、横隔板厚度和肋骨间距的变化而变化的规律,分析了船舶肩部各主要构件对于抵抗冰载荷作用的能力及贡献。所得结论对于进行冰区船舶结构设计具有参考作用。     

考虑流场影响下破冰船艏部结构响应研究

通常考虑船-冰碰撞附连水的水动力效应有附加质量法和流固耦合法。本文建立了破冰船破冰场景,基于流固耦合法进行了数值仿真计算,分析了水域流场对船体的冲击压力变化、流场的速度分布变化以及流场的动能变化。同时与附加质量法的计算结果进行了比较,对比分析了船艏的碰撞力大小、损伤变形以及局部冰载荷等差异,揭示了流场对船-冰碰撞的影响规律,对于破冰船结构设计具有重要的参考价值。     

船-冰碰撞下冰材料有限元数值方法研究进展

浮冰碰撞下极地船舶结构响应研究是当今的热点话题.由于冰体是一种包含着固体冰、卤水、气体以及杂质等较为复杂的天然复合材料,其力学性质受盐分、杂质等成分含量,以及温度、应变率和形成年份等因素影响较大,开发准确有效的冰体材料本构模型以及有限元数值模拟方法是船-冰相互作用研究的关键难点问题.本文总结了几种常见的冰体有限元数值材料模型,如各向同性弹性失效材料模型、弹塑性材料模型、损伤材料模型以及可压碎泡沫型材料模型等;此外,选取了三种模型实验工况,开展了与实验场景相对应的不同冰材料模型下有限元数值模拟,对比分析了各自冰材料模型的特点以及应用局限;最后,总结了用于船-冰碰撞数值模拟的冰材料模型准确性和可行性评估方法,以便给今后所开发的冰材料数值模型提供验证手段.     

基于流固耦合法的巡逻船首部结构耐撞性能研究

目前船舶碰撞研究普遍采用忽略水对船体影响的附连水质量法,本文将水介质对船舶的影响考虑进去,建立船—水—船相互作用的流固耦合算法。并以600吨级巡逻船为研究对象,建立撞击船与被撞船整船模型以及适当大小的水域,解决了撞击船—流场—被撞船之间的耦合问题。在数值仿真计算过程中,将内部动力学及外部动力学同步分析,获得了不同工况下被撞船的运动状态以及损伤变形、碰撞速度和碰撞力等动态结构响应。所获结果可为巡逻船在不可避免地发生碰撞时提供操船建议,对于提高巡逻船的战斗力具有重要的意义。     

不同类型层冰载荷作用下船首结构响应研究

由于北极地区冰情复杂,分布着大量无规则浮冰,因此极地运输船在航行过程中难免会与冰区浮冰发生碰撞,引起船体结构响应。本文基于Ls-dyna软件构建船水冰全耦合模型,对极地运输船舶与规则层冰和不规则层冰发生碰撞分别开展数值模拟,对冰厚和航速2种不同工况条件下的船首结构损伤变形及碰撞力均值进行对比分析。研究发现,不规则层冰载荷下引起的船体结构响应更为剧烈,碰撞力均值更大,为北极冰区运输船的航行安全提供了参考。     

基于流固耦合法的巡逻船首部结构耐撞性能研究

目前船舶碰撞研究普遍采用忽略水对船体影响的附连水质量法,本文将水介质对船舶的影响考虑进去,建立船—水—船相互作用的流固耦合算法。并以600吨级巡逻船为研究对象,建立撞击船与被撞船整船模型以及适当大小的水域,解决了撞击船—流场—被撞船之间的耦合问题。在数值仿真计算过程中,将内部动力学及外部动力学同步分析,获得了不同工况下被撞船的运动状态以及损伤变形、碰撞速度和碰撞力等动态结构响应。所获结果可为巡逻船在不可避免地发生碰撞时提供操船建议,对于提高巡逻船的战斗力具有重要的意义。     

浮冰碰撞下船体板塑性动力响应预测方法

[目的]极地航行的船舶会遭受浮冰碰撞,在一些极端冰碰载荷作用下船体板会出现永久塑性变形,严重影响船舶的安全和工作性能,极大地增加了极地船舶的维修成本。因此,亟需提出浮冰碰撞下船体结构塑性动力响应的预测方法。[方法]针对简化的浮冰-船体板碰撞模型,基于冰体破坏能量分析方法和船体板塑性动力响应刚塑性理论方法,探讨冰体与船体板碰撞过程中的碰撞能量分享机制,提出冰体碰撞下船体板的塑性动力响应解析式,并对比解析结果与数值结果。[结果]结果显示,所提解析方法可靠,可以快速预报冰体碰撞下船体板的塑性变形值以及碰撞力。[结论]所做研究具有较大的工程应用价值。     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

基于MD Nastran的船-冰碰撞数值仿真研究

船舶与海冰的碰撞过程十分复杂,涉及多种非线性问题。文章运用 MD Nastran对船舶艏部与冰的碰撞进行数值仿真计算,来模拟这一过程。得到了碰撞结束后,船首和海冰的损伤变形情况,船体结构的应力应变情况,以及在船—冰相互作用过程中的能量变化,应力应变变化。研究结果描述了船舶与冰碰撞的详细过程,揭示了冰载荷作用下船体结构的响应规律,可为船舶抗冰载荷设计提供参考。     

Investigations on the ship-ice impact: Part 1. Experimental methodologies

In the structural design of the Polar Class ships, glancing impact with ice has been considered as the governing load scenario for dimensioning the bow structure. At present, non-linear transient dynamic analysis has been reckoned as a fundamental requirement in the assessment of the structural strength of ships with higher ice classes. Under such requirement, understanding of the dynamic characteristics of the ship-ice impact load appears significant importance. The present study aims to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the impact loads by simulating the glancing impact events between a polar research vessel and giant ice floes in ice tank. The ship-ice impact loads were recorded by a grid-based tactile sensor attached on the bow area of the model ship. To achieve a reasonable simulation on the design scenario described by the IACS Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships (UR I), a series of methodological calibration tests were preliminarily carried out to determine the key parameters that should be carefully monitored and controlled, accompanying with thorough discussions on the ship-ice impact process. This paper provides detailed information on the preliminary methodological calibrations and the tactile data processing techniques, including the identification of the ship-ice contact area, the depiction of the ice loading trail and the outline of the spatial distributions of local ice pressures. A companion paper provides detailed analyses and discussions regarding the spatial and temporal variation of the ice impact loads from the formal tests based on the proposed testing procedures obtained by the methodological calibrations.     

冰区航行船层冰作用下的结构响应

船冰碰撞是一个复杂的动力学过程,如何得到碰撞中的冰载荷一直是船舶碰撞研究领域的热点之一.本文分别建立300000 t冰区航行船和层冰的有限元模型,基于弹塑性理论及非线性有限元理论,利用MSC.Dytran对其碰撞进行数值仿真,模拟了船首及层冰的接触碰撞过程,最终得到船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞力、船首结构响应、船航速变化及能量耗散等参数.分析船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞机理及特性,并对冰区航行船特别是其船壳提出结构加强的建议,为设计冰区航行船提供一定的参考.     

An analytical method for predicting the ship side structure response in raked bow collisions

As an increasing number of ships continue to sail in heavy traffic lanes, the possibility of collision between ships has become progressively higher. Therefore, it is of great importance to rapidly and accurately analyse the response and consequences of a ship's side structure subjected to large impact loads, such as collisions from supply vessels or merchant vessels. As the raked bow is a common design that has a high possibility of impacting a ship side structure, this study proposes an analytical method based on plastic mechanism equations for the rapid prediction of the response of a ship's side structure subjected to raked bow collisions. The new method includes deformation mechanisms of the side shell plating and the stiffeners attached. The deformation mechanisms of deck plating, longitudinal girders and transverse frames are also analysed. The resistance and energy dissipation of the side structure are obtained from individual components and then integrated to assess the complete crashworthiness of the side structure of the struck ship. The analytical prediction method is verified by numerical simulation. Three typical collision scenarios are defined in the numerical simulation using the code LS_DYNA, and the results obtained by the proposed analytical method and those of the numerical simulation are compared. The results correspond well, suggesting that the proposed analytical method can improve ship crashworthiness during the design phase.     

船舶碰撞缓冲型球鼻艏概念探讨--球鼻曲率对碰撞的影响

船舶碰撞事故中，被撞油船船侧的破裂会引起严重的海洋污染，故油船双层船壳设计成为防止被撞油船破损的有效措施。但随着海上运输船舶的数目及尺度的日益增大，双层船壳已不能满足防止船侧破损的要求。本文提出了缓冲型球算般的构思。在船舶相撞的过程中，球鼻艏曲率的尖锐程度影响被撞船船侧的损伤程度，故提出并讨论了表征球鼻艏碰撞特性的标志性参数。通过对不同曲率的球鼻艏一系列的碴撞数值仿真计算，详细描述了外形曲率对球鼻艏的变形形态、碰撞力、碰撞力密度及能量吸收的影响，指出船舶采用钝形的球鼻艏能有效减小碰撞时的穿透损伤。     

高强度钢缓冲型船艏研究

在船舶碰撞事故中，一般船侧的破损程度比船艏大，从环境保护的全局意识及降低整体经济损失的角度出发，应该在保证船艏结构在能够承受常规载荷的前提下适当地减小其纵向刚度，使其在撞击船侧时导致船侧破损的可能性降低。笔者从损伤形态，碰撞力，碰撞力密度和能量吸收等方面对采用高强度钢的缓冲船艏进行研究，发现船艏结构采用高强度钢在等强度的条件下，可减少结构的板厚和船艏结构的临界压溃载荷，从而降低对被撞船舶侧结构的破坏。     

Design of bridges against ship collisions

The paper outlines a rational design procedure for bridge piers and pylons against ship collision impacts. Firstly, a set of risk acceptance criteria are proposed. This is followed by a mathematically based procedure for calculation of the probability of critical ship meeting situations near the bridge, and the probability of ship collision accidents caused by human errors as well as technical errors. This first part of the paper leads to identification of the largest striking ship, “design vessels”, a given bridge pier must withstand without structural failure in order for the bridge connection to fulfil the risk acceptance criteria. The final part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the needed impact capacity for the bridge pylons and piers exposed to ship bow impact loads from these “design vessels”. For a number of different ship types and different tonnage merchant vessels, load – displacement relations for ship bow collisions against rigid walls are derived. Based on these comprehensive numerical results, a new empirical relation is derived which is suited for design against bow collisions. This expression for maximum bow collision forces is compared with a previously published expression for ice-strengthened ships and with existing standards for assessment of bow crushing forces. It is shown that there is need for an update of these existing standards. For design of piers and pylons against local impact pressure loads, a pressure - area relation for bulbous bow impacts is derived.     

A study on collision buffer characteristic of sharp entrance angle bow structure

SEA-Arrow (sharp entrance angle bow like an arrow) has no protrusion of the bulbous bow to reduce bow waves and has a transverse stiffening system in the narrow bow space to apply the buffer bow concept. This system has lower longitudinal stiffness than a conventional longitudinal stiffening system and therefore has buffer characteristic in ship-to-ship collision. A comparative collision study of SEA-Arrow and the conventional bulbous bow was conducted using elasto-plastic finite element analysis. A collision scenario where the striking ship hits the side shell of tanker midship perpendicularly was selected. The results showed that the buffer bow characteristic of SEA-Arrow is superior to that of the conventional bulbous bow, since much more energy is dissipated by the plastic deformation of striking and struck ships until the inner shell of struck ship ruptures.