Issues in Underwater Cultural Heritage Impact Assessments in China

Abstract

During the past decades, the number of coastal and marine construction projects has multiplied in China, posing a serious threat to underwater cultural heritage in its waters. In contrast, there are few rules dealing with underwater cultural heritage impact assessment which has not yet become a mandatory procedure in various coastal and marine construction projects. With China putting forward the Belt and Road Initiative, the conflicts between the protection of underwater cultural heritage and the need of various coastal and marine construction projects might become more frequent. Chinese legislation in this domain, undergoing important revision, intends to establish a mandatory procedure of proactive archeological investigation. This revision could have a great influence on the protection of underwater cultural heritage as well as the coastal and marine construction projects in China but the relevant provisions are still far from satisfactory. The present study will review the current Chinese legislation concerning the impact assessment of marine or coastal construction projects on underwater cultural heritage and explore the possibility for further improvement at the legislative level.     

Regional Cooperation in the Post-South China Sea Arbitration Era: Potential Mechanism and Cooperative Areas

Although the South China arbitration has been settled recently, the final settlement of the South China Sea disputes remains in a political stalemate, at least for the near future. This article proposes a regional mechanism that could form the basis for further cooperation in the South China Sea. This mechanism is informed by political theory, facts on the grounds, and lessons learned from cooperative practices in other regions. As a way to work toward a resolution to the South China Sea's sovereignty disputes, and to improve on current cooperative practices, the objective of this mechanism is to involve all parties in the region and thus cover the entire South China Sea, including the disputed areas. Based on incentives for claimants, the level of political sensitivity, the advantage of involving all claimants and disputed areas, and past practices that have facilitated Taiwan's participation, it is the conclusion of this analysis that the conservation and management of marine living resources is the most promising area of cooperation. In addition, the practice in Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission is recommended as an appropriate model to be applied mutatis mutandis in the South China Sea.     

关于在南海诸岛水域建立特别敏感海区的思考

文中通过分析我国在南海诸岛水域建立特别敏感海区的必要性和可行性,提出相关的申请程序和工作建议,以期达到保护海洋环境和维护国家利益的目的j     

通州湾港区围填海工程起步方案比较

围填海工程在促进区域经济发展的同时会对周边海域滩槽形态、生态环境产生一定的影响。以通州湾港区起步工程为例，通过建立潮流数学模型，模拟南黄海辐射沙脊群海域的潮流形态。在此基础上，比较了两套不同围填海开发方案对工程区域滩面的冲淤影响。从整体上看，两套方案对工程周边海域的海底冲淤产生明显影响，但随着时间的推移趋于平衡。基于目前的模拟结果，先期实施离岸式的二港池更有利于维持小庙洪水道的畅通以及滩涂资源的保护。     

基于南海环境条件的半潜式钻井平台设计环境参数分析

南海环境条件复杂多变,深水、高压、低温、波流的不规则性以及内波的存在等使半潜式钻井平台设计面临重大挑战。研究海洋环境条件的意义是在现有的平台设计水平和设备技术水平条件下,确保该海域作业的半潜式钻井平台的作业性、安全性和经济性。研究南海海域的环境特征,可应用于南海半潜式钻井平台设计中不同工况的海况参数选取。     

新型导管架复合式深吃水半潜平台概念导管架对平台整体垂荡、横摇和纵摇运动的影响分析

导管架复合式深吃水半潜平台是近年来为了适应南海恶劣海况而提出来的新型干树半潜平台概念,主要由传统的深吃水半潜平台和导管架两部分组成。导管架的设计主要是为了支撑上层甲板结构,提高平台稳性和气隙性能。文章主要针对该平台概念的垂直平面运动进行分析,对不同海况下平台系统的数值和模型试验的结果进行了对比分析,运用频域分析方法分析了该平台与传统半潜平台之间的区别。并重点分析了导管架部分对平台垂直平面内的运动造成的影响。结果表明,该平台概念较传统的半潜平台而言具有较好的垂向运动性能,而且导管架部分对平台垂直面内的运动影响较小,导管架设计的主要优势并未受到较大的折减。     

深海半潜式钻井平台运动响应预报与分析

文章以三维势流理论为基础的数值计算和模型试验相结合的研究方法,对一座工作海域为我国南海的深海半潜式钻井平台的运动响应的特点进行分析研究,对设计前期性能研究有较高的参考价值。     

Analysis and Potential Alternatives for the Disputed South China Sea from Ocean Governance in the Polar Regions

Sovereignty claims over insular features and maritime jurisdiction in the South China Sea have been disputed for decades, and a governance regime to address ocean-related issues is urgently needed. This article first introduces the notion of a regime, and examines details of cooperation mechanisms in the Polar Regions. Lessons that can be applied to the South China Sea include that both soft and hard law regimes work to bring States concerned together to cooperate on the “commons” issues even when military conflicts or sovereignty disputes still exist. Consensus among bordering States would be necessary to make the South China Sea a “zone of peace.” Mechanisms that accommodate the various sovereignty claims and freeze existing and new claims to, as well as to prohibit military activities in, the South China Sea are recommended. Lastly, if a cooperative mechanism were to be established in the future, the Arctic regime would be more applicable to the South China Sea than the Antarctic regime due to their geographic nature. Thus, only States bordering the South China Sea should have voting and decision-making rights in the cooperative mechanism. As always, the political will of all parties is paramount to the success of such an endeavor.     

The significance of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea for the shipping industry

The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) was established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as a body to settle disputes between States Parties to the Convention regarding the interpretation or application of the Convention s provisions, including provisions concerning the exercise of the powers of States over shipping and the discharge by states of their responsibilities and obligations in relation to ships.ITLOS is competent to deal with disputes in which a State is alleged to have wrongly interfered with or otherwise restrained the operation of a vessel when it is in a port of the State or within the territorial sea or exclusive economic zone of the State.In its previous judgments, ITLOS has provided clarifications of some important areas of the law of the sea concerning the operation and regulation of shipping by flag States and other states.ITLOS plays a key role in the regime of the Law of the Sea Convention relating to the prompt release of ships and their crews that are arrested or detained in a foreign port.ITLOS also has the possibility to serve as ajudicial organ for the settlement of disputes under other maritime agreements and contracts, if the parties to the agreements or contracts agree to confer jurisdiction on it.There are many advantages to be gained by States and shipping operators from using ITLOS as the body for the settlement of disputes under agreements. These advantages include savings in time and expenses.     

多点系泊定位FDPSO船体水动力性能数值模拟和模型试验研究(英文)

由于中国南海海域海况十分恶劣,浮式钻井生产储油轮(FDPSO,Floating,Drilling,Production,Storage and Offloading vessel)定位方式的研究是海洋工程界值得关注的课题。文章采用数值模拟和模型试验的方法对多点系泊FDPSO水动力性能开展研究。数值模拟包括FDPSO船体频域水动力性能计算和船体/锚链时域耦合分析。船体频域水动力性能计算得到了水动力系数,波浪力和运动幅值响应算子;时域耦合数值分析得到了中国南海海域一年一遇海况和百年一遇海况下船体六自由度运动时历。模型试验在上海交通大学海洋工程深水池开展,包括静水衰减试验,白噪声试验和不规则波试验。对数值计算结果和模型试验结果进行了比较,验证了数值结果的准确性,并对多点系泊FDPSO在中国南海海域的水动力性能进行了研究。     

中国海岸波浪特征与建港条件研究

分析了中国渤海、黄海、东海和南海海岸的风与波浪特征。提出用代表波高描述海区年均波浪强度。时波高极大值应进行重现研究和归并处理。时港址选择、波要素推算和防浪设计有指导意义。     

海洋环境要素区划技术研究

将中国近海现有海洋环境要素的观测数据有机地融合起来进行区域划分,对实现传统导航信息与海洋环境辅助信息合理地结合,提高船舶航行的安全性有重要的意义。以对船舶航行影响最大的海流要素为例,采用主因子分析的方法将24个量测指标综合成4个主因子,既简化运算又不失真地反映真实海况。通过方差最大正交旋转对荷载矩阵进行处理使其列向量两极分化,以分析影响各个主因子的主要指标。最后,利用4个主因子在各采样点的得分数将中国东海、南海划分为六个区域。此结果弥补了物理海洋学方法对海洋环境要素小尺度预报精度的不足,为船舶航行提供全域背景和信息决策指导。     

曹妃甸港区水下泥沙冲淤监测系统

根据曹妃甸港区海域的水沙运动,分析了该海域各个部位的冲淤状况,结合各个部位的安全重要程度提出了相应的冲淤监测要求,以及各个部位水下泥沙冲淤监测的技术方案,建立起整个港区水域的冲淤监测系统。     

半潜式平台结构疲劳特征研究

本文研究2种典型结构形式半潜平台在不同海域结构应力长期分布特征。对比中国南海典型波浪散布与墨西哥湾典型波浪散布特征,计算两海域平台结构应力响应,得到平台结构应力范围长期Weibull分布形状参数。中国南海典型环境条件对于双下浮体式半潜平台结构波浪应力长期Weibull分布形状参数不大于1,对于环形浮箱半潜平台结构波浪应力长期Weibull分布形状参数不大于1.05,为针对中国南海应用简化疲劳分析方法分析半潜式平台结构疲劳寿命提供依据。同时,计算得到两类典型半潜式平台在墨西哥湾典型环境条件下结构波浪应力长期Weibull分布形状参数值不大于0.8的结论,证实对于半潜式平台的疲劳设计,南海疲劳海况较墨西哥湾海况更恶劣。     

浅论少数民族民间文化的遗存与保护——以“骆驼舞”为个案

本文以西北地区的一个特有少数民族——撒拉族的特有文艺式样——"骆驼舞"为个案,阐述少数民族民间非物质文化遗产的遗存与保护,力图让大家认识到少数民族民间文化的现状及保护的重要性与紧迫性,并试图找出保护的措施。     

水下转塔生产系统解脱过程中的水动力特性研究

考虑到南海的恶劣海况对系统立管以及锚链的水动力作用,通过数值计算与Orcaflex模拟了水下转塔生产系统在解脱过程中的动态响应,并分析了恶劣海况对系统解脱过程中各参数的影响,所得结果对水下转塔生产系统的实际应用具有指导性意义。     

深水悬链复合锚泊线疲劳损伤计算

以某座Spar平台的锚泊系统为研究对象,首先利用三维绕射理论计算Spar平台主体波浪力,得到平台的总体运动响应时程。再建立复合锚泊线的二维非线性有限元动力分析模型,基于DelVecchio(1992)提出的经验公式,采用迭代的方法计算复合锚泊线的刚度。锚泊线和海床之间的接触作用基于刚性海床假定,基于Morrison公式计算锚泊线的惯性力和拖曳力荷载,根据计算得到的平台主体运动响应时程作为锚泊线顶端输入条件,在时域范围内进行复合锚泊线的动力分析。计算得到中国南海某海域各短期海况条件下复合锚泊线应力的时间历程曲线,采用雨流法对其计数得到对应于各短期海况条件下的疲劳载荷谱。最后根据Miner线性累积损伤模型,对复合锚泊线在长期海况条件下的疲劳损伤进行比较计算。     

海流要素辅助航行决策的区划技术研究

由于很难得到对任何海区满足需要的时空尺度、精度的海洋环境要素预报结果,因此,了解某海洋环境要素的区域特性也是很有参考价值的.为了给船舶航行提供有效的信息支持,文章以对船舶的航速和航向影响较大的海流为例,分析了海流预报技术在满足应用需求上的不足,提出了利用主因子分析技术对海流样本数据进行研究的方案,并基于此方案给出了东海、南海海域海流要素信息区划结果,为船舶航行决策提供信息指导.     

西沙永兴岛旅游码头开发建设思路与探索

南海诸岛是中国的固有领土,积极稳妥地开发南海岛礁特别是西沙旅游是中国的必然选择。根据实地调研情况,针对西沙永兴岛旅游码头建设方案与下一阶段开发西沙旅游的框架思路进行初步探索。     

深海矢量噪声场声传播特性研究

矢量声压振速联合处理是建立在信号的声压和质点振速相位基础上,海洋环境边界对声传播的影响将改变矢量声场声压和质点振速的幅度和相位特性。文章根据南海环境条件和水下目标辐射噪声测量采用矢量简正波理论估算海面非相干偶极子噪声源和水下点声源矢量场的幅度和相位随深度的变化,并对矢量水听器测量系统获取的南海典型深度上的背景噪声数据进行了分析。结果表明:深海背景噪声声压谱级在500 Hz以下基本上不随深度变化,在500 Hz-3 kHz频段浅深度背景噪声声压谱级略高于较深深度的背景噪声声压谱级;背景噪声的垂直质点振速谱级要小于声压和水平质点振速谱级。