Who Owns Underwater Cultural Heritage in the South China Sea

The South China Sea has attained global attention because of terraria disputes over oil, gas, fisheries and other resources in the sea area. Compared with the valuable natural resources, the underwater cultural heritage is not recognized or considered, but is an important legacy of many losses of vessels over centuries. Recently, the surrounding states in the South China Sea have taken measures to preserve underwater cultural heritage in their sea waters. However, the current complicated situation of the South China Sea intensifies the difficulties of protection of underwater cultural heritagein that area. There is an important and interesting potential issue of identification of ownership of underwater cultural heritage because of differences of legislation and claims to jurisdiction. Under the current information of legislation of some states in the South China Sea, it can be understood this issue cannot be avoid on the protection of underwater cultural heritage. This article discusses potential disputes over ownership of underwater cultural heritage in the South China Sea based on the different legislation of several states (China, Vietnam and Philippines) and proposes some possible suggestions for resolving the issue of ownership, rather than performing a primary research.     

Institutional and Conceptual Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation for Coastal Cultural Heritage

Climate change is increasing the speed at which tangible coastal cultural heritage is changing in character or being lost through weathering, erosion, and inundation. Damages to coastal archeological sites, loss of access to historical sites, and the alteration of cultural landscapes will force changes in the way researchers can study sites, tourists can enjoy places, and descendant communities who have lived in particular areas for time immemorial, and local community members can utilize and relate to landscapes. In the USA, the National Park Service is a primary coastal cultural resource management organization. The National Park Service has been working on climate change adaptation for cultural resources for over a decade; however, there are few examples of parks in which long range climate change adaptation plans for cultural resources have been implemented. Building from 20 semi-structured interviews with cultural resource managers in three parks, we found that institutional structures within the National Park Service, as well as historical conceptual framings specific to the research, recreational, and interpretive values of cultural resources act as barriers to managers’ ability to design and implement climate change adaptation plans. Institutional barriers managers discussed include the dependence of climate change adaptation decisions partnership projects and the leveraging of budgetary and staff resources within NPS that may affect climate change adaptation capacity. We found that park managers often saw impacts in parks that may be associated with climate change, but found it difficult to separate normal maintenance from climate change affected deterioration, which may lead to status quo management actions rather than revised planning for a changing future regime. Conceptual barriers managers discussed revealed a conflict between preservation needs of research versus interpretive uses and while NPS guidance recommends prioritization of cultural resources for preservation at the park level, regional managers were more focused on this topic than park managers. As NPS moves forward with climate change adaptation planning, opportunities to develop and improve cultural resource preservation with new technologies, improved prioritization schemes, and include public input in resource preservation may help coastal managers overcome these barriers.     

喀斯特地貌公路建设项目环境影响评价

喀斯特是一种具有特殊的物质、能量、结构和功能的生态系统,其特征是生态敏感度高,环境容量低、抗干扰能力弱,稳定性差,工程建设过程中若忽视其特征可能会引发区域石漠化现象。针对目前我国高速公路建设正由东部平原地区过渡到中西部丘陵地区、重丘区建设,喀斯特地貌的遇见概率逐渐增多,而相关的环境影响如何进行合理评价与分析,应采取何种针对性措施,国内很少有系统的分析、说明。这里通过石漠化概念、石漠化形成的原因与机理分析,结合实例公路建设项目特点,对产生的环境问题进行环境影响评价,提出更为切实可行的措施,为喀斯特地貌公路建设项目环境影响评价提供一定的借鉴。     

海洋生态系统及海岸工程生态影响预测模型研究进展

对海洋生态系统的研究已形成了以实验观测为基础、建立生态模型的方法。文章对已有的海洋生态模型研究成果进行了归纳总结,认为初级生产力模型是纯生态模型的主要发展方向,综合考虑物理生化作用的生态系统动力学模型将是未来海洋生态研究的必然趋势。同时,由于我国大规模海岸工程建设对近岸海域生态系统造成了较大影响,而相关的生态影响预测模型研究较少,为有效预测评价海岸工程建设对近岸海域生态系统的影响,进一步深入研究海岸工程建设对近岸海洋生态影响预测模型将显得尤为重要。     

近距离水下钻孔爆破的防护技术

在进行港口和航道工程的水下爆破时，如果爆破设计或防护措施不当，常会造成周围环境特别是水工建筑物的损害。文中以厦门国际旅游码头工程为实例，介绍了码头工程水下钻孔爆破的安全防护技术。     

连云港某无围堰通航构筑物设计要点

为保障沿海海湾区域游艇通航、水体交换需要等，常需新建船闸或设置通航孔等通航构筑物。随着近年海洋生态环保力度加大，用海指标越加紧张，传统的大围堰干地施工工艺越来越不能适应新的形势。结合连云港连云新城基础工程，针对用海受限、自然条件恶劣、地质条件差以及工期紧张等复杂条件，开展结构选型、止水防渗等关键技术研究，提出装配式预制闸室设计技术、装配式翼墙设计技术等，较好地解决了相关的技术难题，可为相关工程的设计和施工提供借鉴。     

雷诺护垫水下施工技术

雷诺护垫作为一种新型的防冲刷结构,在运用于航道护岸、护底及坝体护面等工程中时,常涉及到水下施工问题。对雷诺护垫水下施工方法进行总结,并以长江中游周天河段航道整治控导工程为例,对雷诺护垫拖排法水下施工的可行性及效果进行探讨,供工程设计及施工人员参考。     

滨海核电厂海工建筑物设计标准探讨

作为滨海核电厂的重要组成部分,海工建筑物的设计标准值得研究和探讨。根据核电安全法规及相关规范的要求,对滨海核电厂海工建筑物的结构功能进行分析,将各海工建筑物的安全等级进行系统划分,明确核电厂海工建筑物设计标准需要考虑的内容,并总结海工建筑物设计标准的确定原则。结合国内在建的陆丰核电厂,确定该项目设计参数的标准值,对合理降低核电厂海工建筑物设计标准的思路和方法进行总结,可为类似工程提供参考。     

Examining stakeholder participation and conflicts associated with large scale infrastructure projects: the case of Tema port expansion project,Ghana

ABSTRACT

Balancing economic activities with socio-environmental considerations has become a global standard for the construction of large scale infrastructure projects, including ports. In this discourse, stakeholder participation and environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) have been stressed as important tools that can help port managers to co-create values, avoid conflicts and promote inclusive growth. Drawing on qualitative research tools and stakeholder theory, this paper explores whether and to what extent local stakeholders’ inclusion has substantial influence on addressing their socio-cultural concerns and interest. This is illustrated with a case study of an ongoing port expansion project at Ghana’s largest port of Tema. The findings suggest that although the port authority conducted an ESIA and engaged local stakeholders as part of the planning process, this did not translate into preventing the loss of valuable cultural resources of the local communities. The port authority did not place ‘value’ on cultural resources of the local communities that cannot be expressed in monetary terms. Further, lack of good faith engagement with local stakeholders led to conflicts in some cases that triggered a court action and delays. The paper concludes that stakeholder participation if not applied well, can become a ‘post-political’ tool.     

Altruism,selfishness and coastal resources

Abstract

The basis for coastal zone management in the United States is established in legislation. In comparison, Canadian federal and provincial governments have adopted a piecemeal approach for managing a variety of concerns examined here: water quality, ecological protection, public access, aesthetics, natural hazards, and water dependency. As a result of this approach, which is characterized by a minimum of federal, provincial, and interjurisdictional coordination, the British Columbia coastal zone is showing signs of stress. For example, major shellfish harvesting areas are being lost to water pollution; ecologically sensitive habitats are being consumed by urban, commercial, and industrial expansion; recreation and tourism opportunities are being impaired by clear cutting and other inappropriate developments; and infrastructure is allowed in flood and erosion‐prone areas. Recommendations to improve the approach to coastal management in British Columbia include a variety of innovations. New federal and provincial policies, legislation, institutions, and experimentation with local and regional integrated resource planning are required to better govern the coastal zone. Increased support for existing agencies, public involvement, and access to information as well as more common use of environmental impact studies are needed to justify proposed coastal developments.     

Legal Regulation of Land Reclamation in China's Coastal Areas

China's national marine development strategy acknowledges that land reclamation problems cannot be avoided. Land reclamation has increased rapidly, leading to many risks—as regards resources, the environment, and social concerns. China needs to implement measures to control these risks. Analysis of current legal regulations on land reclamation reveals paradoxes of legislation at the national level and varying regional legal practices; there is a shortage of effective and coordinated land reclamation regulations in China. Analysis of the factors that affect land reclamation shows that regulation plays a central role in managing land reclamation. And, through an analysis of the deficiencies in existing legislation and by learning from the experience of other countries, we can propose a direction for China's land reclamation legislation. Such reforms could effectively protect China's marine resources, avoid environmental and societal risks, and contribute to coastline protection.     

Potential and benefits of electronic charts to Maritime Administrations

Electronic charts have come more and more into use for marine navigation. If complying with the relevant international standards they are an accepted substitute to the mandatory carriage of paper nautical charts. However, the potential of such official, high-quality electronic chart data goes far beyond the use for navigation. In order to show its potential, the basic concepts and features of official electronic charts as a marine geographic information data base are explained and the relation of Hydrographic Offices responsible for their production, to Maritime Administrations is described. The data standard to be followed for electronic charts opens the use of the data for a wide range of possible applications. If efficiently organised, Maritime Administrations can be provided with a powerful, versatile database establishing a single geographic reference data base for e.g. Vessel Traffic Services, for Search and Rescue as well as for various applications in Coastal Zone Management including coastal protection and marine environmental protection. Ultimately, digital marine geographic information will become part of the evolving global spatial data infrastructure.     

Gender Issues within the Population-Environment Nexus in Philippine Coastal Areas

Sixty percent of the Philippine's population resides in the coastal zone. Women and men in coastal communities depend chiefly on the sea for subsistence. Over fifty percent of the dietary protein requirements of coastal communities are derived from municipal fisheries and shallow coastal habitats (reef fishes, marine plants, and mangroves). Coastal populations are young and expanding at rates that exceed regional and national averages. Expanding human pressures and man-made disturbances (over harvesting, destructive fishing, siltation, etc.) that offset natural processes are destroying habitats and creating protein food security crises and increasing malnutrition. At the same time conflicts among users of coastal resources are escalating. Access constraints, gender inequities, and cultural barriers stymie options for women and men to plan their families and create alternative livelihoods. National and local government agencies are addressing food security concerns through vertical policies and programs (e.g., fisheries management, integrated coastal management). The IPOPCORM project uses a cross-sectoral approach and quasi-experimental evaluation design to test the hypothesis that food security will be achieved more quickly when coastal resources management (CRM) and reproductive health (RH) management are implemented together. The purpose of this article is to review the project's experience and highlight the trends observed in program monitoring and evaluation during 2001–2004, which suggest better impact on RH, CRM, and gender indicators in the sites where the synergistic approach is being applied.     

包覆防护系统在高桩码头钢管桩维护中的设计与应用

结合我国华南地区处于海水环境的某码头工程钢管桩的维护,分析钢管桩的腐蚀特点,对比选择防腐蚀措施,最终在钢管桩腐蚀最严重的浪溅区及水位变动区选用了包覆防护系统设计并进行工程实践论证。有效解决了该区域传统措施防护年限不足的难题,取得优异的防护效果,为类似工程的设计及施工提供参考。     

保滩护岸工程及生态措施应用

针对国内海岸侵蚀现状严峻的问题,对保滩护岸的主要内容及现有的保滩护岸方式进行研究,分析常用工程措施和生态措施的优缺点,并结合实际案例,对现有保滩护岸中的应用模式进行总结。通过多方面对比,发现生态措施能够弥补传统工程措施的不足,充分利用生态环境形成保滩护岸的柔性屏障,符合我国生态文明建设的需要,生态措施在保滩护岸工程中具有良好的应用前景。     

Impact of coastal construction on coral reefs in the U.S.‐affiliated pacific Islands

Abstract

During the past century, traditional ownership, control, and use of coral reef habitats in the U.S.‐affiliated islands in the Pacific have declined, exposing them to increased construction for plantation, transportation, military, urban, aquaculture, fisheries, mineral, and resort development. Dredging, filling, and other construction in coral reef and related ecosystems are expected to continue at high levels. Collectively, these activities have resulted in major adverse ecological impacts, many of which can be avoided or reduced to minor levels. Improvements in the design, siting, and construction of coastal projects can be accomplished by early integration of environmental objectives. Ecological baseline surveys; environmental impact assessments; regulatory conditions; guidelines and standards during construction; monitoring of construction; post‐construction evaluation; and long‐range research, planning, and management are among the most useful of the environmental tools to describe reefs and to identify measures to reduce or avoid adverse impacts on coral reefs.     

海事档案管理与海事文化建设

海事档案管理是海事文化建设的一部分，也是海事业务的基础性工作。近年来，随着沿海港口的开发与开放，海事工作业务也随之扩大．形成大量的海事业务档案。文中通过阐述海事档案特征，分析海事档案管理与海事文化建设的关系，探讨创新海事档案管理形式，目的是充分发挥海事档案的作用，更好地服务于海事文化建设和发展。     

The Role of Indigenous Resurgence in Marine Conservation

Abstract

Indigenous peoples’ efforts toward environmental conservation are indivisible from their cultural identity and their social and political organizations. Indigenous resurgence, including the reinvigoration and reestablishment of Indigenous ways of living, are linked to the management, restoration, and conservation of marine and coastal ecosystems around the world. However, there remains a significant gap in the recognition and support of Indigenous governance systems in international policy discussions regarding conservation work. As a way to address this gap, we offer an analysis of marine Indigenous community-led conservation initiatives from around the world that were recipients of the UNDP Equator Prize, framed by initial research on Indigenous-led conservation in British Columbia, Canada. We highlight specific Indigenous governance strategies undertaken by such communities that foster both marine resource conservation and stewardship. The strategies we identified included practicing Indigenous traditional resource management, protection of traditional territories, Indigenous-led actions of environmental conservation, and data collection and monitoring. We also identified networking and collaboration with non-Indigenous supporters, as was reinvestment into education and capacity-building within the community. We conclude with concrete policy suggestions drawn from these cases that can help strengthen the leadership and self-determination of Indigenous peoples on local resource and environmental issues, and aid in much broader conservation efforts globally.     

论郑和航海精神与我国和谐海洋观

长期以来我国对具有中国特色的新海洋观理论的探讨研究,几近空白。郑和下西洋六百多年,留下了历史的追思与遗憾,文章论述了郑和航海精神与历史遗产;认为今天的很多经济社会问题是郑和那个时代所没有的。提出了具有我国特色的和谐海洋观观点。指出经略海洋把全球资源配置与经济目的紧密联系起来;谋划海洋获取优质能源等资源,走可持续的和谐发展道路;促进国际和平,走交流合作之路;应是今天中国和谐海洋观的三个重要组成部分。     

水下深层水泥搅拌法复合地基检测方法

水下深层水泥搅拌法是国内新近采用且日益发展的水下地基处理技术,目前对其检测方法缺乏系统研究。依托粤港澳大湾区在(拟)建工程项目,调研分析水下深层水泥搅拌法复合地基工程设计特点与上部结构类型。在此基础上,对钻孔取芯、振动取样、湿抓取样、静力触探、钻孔径向加压试验、平板载荷试验等潜在可行的水下深层水泥搅拌法复合地基检测方法进行系统性分析。结合工程实际,对上述检测方法进行了综合比较,并就工程应用中永久桩和试验桩复合地基检测方法的选择给出了建议。