A review of recent theoretical and empirical analyses of asymmetric information in road safety and automobile insurance

Road safety policies and automobile insurance contracts often use incentive mechanisms based on traffic violations and accidents to promote safe driving. Can these mechanisms improve road safety efficiently? Do they reduce asymmetric information between drivers and insurers and regulators? In other words, is there residual asymmetric information in observed distributions of accidents and infractions? We answer these questions in this article by reviewing recent theoretical and empirical results that rest on various data and methodologies. We present recent tests related to the identification of residual asymmetric information in road safety management and in automobile insurance contracting. We also propose a theoretical analysis of the foundations of point-record driver's licenses observed around the world.     

箱形浮体在波浪上运动的特性计算方法及其应用

为了研究箱形浮体在波浪上运动的计算方法，工程界提出了一种称为修正切片法的计算方法，这是在引入三维修正以及引用试验结果的基础上发展起来的方法，具有计算快，能达到工程计算精度要求的优点。该方法采用了纵切片以及常规的横切片法，可以进行六个自由度的运动计算，并改进了横摇旋涡阻尼的计算方法，计入了三维及浅水影响。本文对此方法进行了探讨，并作了实例计算分析，认为此法采用纵横切片的思想，配合经验性的修正，既保持了传统切片理论简单易算的优点，又能达到工程计算精度的要求。尽管在理论上这一思想不很严密,但计算结果已足以在工程上的应用。箱形浮体受不规则海浪扰动而产生的运动通常可以作为平稳的线性随机过程进行处理，本文采用谱分析的方法对箱形浮体的海上运动及加速度的统计特性进行了预报。     

海南秀英进出港航道客滚船双向通航研究

为了有效地解决秀英港区客滚船通航效率问题,提高航道通过能力和通航安全水平,根据《海港总平面设计规范》相关规定,提出基于客滚船船舶特点、操纵特性以及该水域航道的边界条件的数值计算模型,通过理论计算、航道通航模拟仿真和实船试验对海口港秀英港区航道双向通航能力进行论证研究,证明秀英港区航道能够满足现有客滚船的双向通航并给出相应通航安全保障措施。     

Safety culture on board six Swedish passenger ships

This paper presents the results of a Swedish study on maritime safety culture. The study aims to increase knowledge about the characteristics of safety culture in the maritime setting and about the relationship between safety culture and organizational climate. Such knowledge can be vital in the process of developing and improving safety culture. The paper reports the results of safety culture assessments on board six Swedish passenger ships in international traffic, using observations, questionnaires, and interviews focussing on 508 employees who completed the questionnaires. The results of the assessments revealed a generally good existing safety culture. Differences in individuals' safety culture perceptions were found between ships, vessel type (high-speed craft versus Ropax), and hierarchical working position. Important relationships between organizational climate and safety culture were also found. A comparison with other transport sectors where the same safety culture assessment had been applied yielded that passenger shipping has an average safety culture score level that falls between air traffic control and airport ground handling. The method of assessment, which can be used by shipping companies and vessel crews, identified specific areas of concern in the safety culture that could support continuous improvements of safety and safety culture.     

Causality between performance and traffic: an investigation with Indian ports

This paper attempts to find out the causal relationship between port performance and port traffic by using Indian data. The use of cointegration analysis has come out with the result that performance precedes traffic in most of the ports of India. Hence, government policy towards performance augmenting facilities should be given priority so that higher efficiency induces higher traffic     

Causality between performance and traffic: an investigation with Indian ports

This paper attempts to find out the causal relationship between port performance and port traffic by using Indian data. The use of cointegration analysis has come out with the result that performance precedes traffic in most of the ports of India. Hence, government policy towards performance augmenting facilities should be given priority so that higher efficiency induces higher traffic     

交通系统对港城空间拓展的影响要素

港口活动和城市活动既可以相互促进也可以相互制约,陆域交通系统同时承载这两种活动,对港城的发展至关重要。基于国内外港城发展实例,对港城空间拓展模式进行研究,发现交通系统制约的问题在港城规模上升阶段普遍存在,得出关键影响要素:1)港城交通体系需求层次与交通分流系统的匹配; 2)交通系统与港城用地布局的协调; 3)港口规模与港城集疏运道路系统的匹配。本文结合案例进行定性和定量分析。     

Island Villagers’ Willingness to Work or Pay for Sustainability of a Marine Fishery Reserve: Case of San Miguel Island,Philippines

Establishment of marine reserves or marine protected areas (MPAs) has emerged as a major coastal resource management tool in the Philippines. A major sustainability constraint is the enforcement of MPA and fisheries regulations. We contribute to the literature of using stated preference methods to investigate the local residents’ willingness to work (WTW) and willingness to pay (WTP) for the continued existence of the San Miguel Island (SMI) fishery reserve in Bicol Region, Philippines. We surveyed 435 respondents in three villages. The lower-bound mean WTW is 3.5 days/mo for residents in the “owner” village and 1.9 days/mo for residents in adjacent villages. Using a fraction of mean daily income to impute the monetary equivalent of WTW, the result is more than 3 times higher than the Php16 to 25/mo (US$0.34 to 0.75/mo) estimated mean WTP. We hypothesize that labor market in this rural village is incomplete so residents have stronger preference for money than for time. However, further investigation on the opportunity cost of time and understanding the labor market is warranted when using WTW in a valuation framework. Some policy implications are: (1) considering use of voluntary labor as management option for MPAs and (2) establishing “own village” MPAs may increase residents’ conservation value.     

Information Presentation of Coastal Morphological Change: Potential Implications for Perceptions of Climate Change Impacts

Visual imagery of costal morphological change processes must be accompanied by supporting information to make change processes understandable. We explored the influence of supporting information (graphs and numeric values) on perceptions of coastal morphological change processes through an experiment delivered to coastal recreationists. Supporting information was presented alongside four imagery types: human perspective digital elevation models (DEMs), human perspective digital photographs, aerial views of DEMs and aerial photography. We found neither the use of graphs nor numeric values influenced respondents' perceptions of coastal environmental change. However, perceptions varied significantly across imagery type; human perspective digital photographs and aerial photographs yielded higher ratings compared to human perspective DEMs and aerial views of DEMs. The results suggest supporting information representing increasingly severe rates of beach erosion and shoreline movement does not translate into perceptions of increasingly dramatic geophysical processes; this is consistent with previous empirical findings. The results also suggest individuals perceive coastal change processes as more severe when those processes are presented through photographs, particularly aerial photographs. Scientists, educators and coastal land use managers struggling to communicate the magnitude and severity associated with coastal geophysical processes are advised to use comparative aerial photography when possible.     

Present pilotage practices in Finland

Pilotage has been studied very little internationally and also in Finland. However, accidents in which pilots have been involved have been investigated thoroughly. Studies show that the traditional individual-centred pilotage with non-written passage plans no longer serves the needs of today's traffic and vessels that have increased in size. Pilotage should be based on the so-called good pilotage practices, i.e. pre-prepared, yet adaptable passage plans, more efficient bridge co-operation and modern navigation instruments. Yet, these are not an integral part of the prevailing pilotage practices in Finland. Pilotage should be developed so that the safety management systems of the vessels support the co-operation on the bridge, but on the other hand, so that the advantages of today's pilotage practices are maintained.     

长江口智慧航道的初步构想

针对长江口深水航道船舶趋于饱和的问题,进行长江口智慧航道构架的初步研究。采用物联网监测技术和安全预警调控技术,在现有条件的基础上,通过增加部分传感设施以及时空信息数据体系和信息云平台等建设,构筑长江口智慧航道,对提高长江口深水航道通行效率、提升航道通过能力具有重要意义。     

镇江扬中港区船舶上行进港航路航法分析

为保障扬中港区进港船舶的航行安全和航路畅通，对逆驶进港航法的可行性进行理论分析和实船试验研究。比较上行船舶按《定线制》进港和逆驶进港的两种航路航法的优缺点。计算表明，南槽下行通航分道宽度满足代表船型船舶双向通航的要求。实船试验结果表明，采取一定的通航安全维护措施，船舶逆驶进港的通航安全能够得到有效保障，航行秩序能够得到有效维护，逆驶进港航法是可行的。     

安全指数法在成山头水域安全评价中的应用

介绍了安全指数法的原理,采用船舶运行安全指数法而建立的船舶交通安全指数法数学模型,以及运用该模型对成山头水域的船舶交通安全进行评价的具体步骤。指出“安全指数法”为成山头水域进一步加强交通管理提供了可靠了依据。     

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Shipping Traffic Off San Francisco,California

Shipping traffic poses a worldwide threat to many large whale species. Spatially explicit risk assessments are increasingly being used as a tool to minimize ship-strike risk. These assessments often use static representations of shipping patterns. We used Automatic Identification System data to quantify variability in cargo shipping traffic entering and exiting San Francisco Bay, which contains some of the busiest ports in the United States, at three temporal resolutions: (1) before and after implementation of the California Air Resources Board's Ocean-Going Vessels Fuel Rule, (2) among seasons, and (3) day versus night. We used the nonparametric Mood's Median test to compare median daily distance traveled because the data were not normally distributed and the variance was not homogeneous. Our analyses show that shipping traffic off San Francisco is dynamic at both interannual and daily temporal resolutions, but that traffic was fairly consistent among the seasons considered. Our analyses emphasize the importance of economic and regulatory drivers on interannual shipping traffic patterns. Shipping traffic is expected to continue to change off the U.S. West Coast and to increase globally. These changes in shipping traffic could have implications for the risk of ships striking whales and should be included in risk assessments.     

基于VISSIM仿真的交叉口间接左转适应性研究

为了在保障行车安全的前提下,提高交叉口间接左转的运行效率,分析了间接左转的设置条件,定义了典型应用环境,并将规划方法放入典型应用环境中采用微观仿真软件进行评价。结合我国的交通结构特征进行了组织设计的优化,提出了结合路中式公交专用道设置间接左转的组织方式和右转机动车与自行车在近交叉口段转换车道功能的组织方式。     

基于组合式基层的重载交通沥青路面结构优化研究

针对目前重载交通作用下半刚性基层沥青路面出现的早期破坏现象,以使用期内总费用最经济为原则,通过正交试验和 ANSYS 软件分析组合式基层结构与材料等参数对设计指标的影响,并结合试验路工程探讨其在重载交通路面的适用性,进而提出满足重载交通需要的路面结构优化方案,使路面结构在设计使用期内不发生结构性破坏,从而达到提高路面使用性能和降低全寿命周期费用的效果。     

Evaluating Boating Safety Risk in Intracoastal Waterways

Growth in the number of recreational vessels that use inland and coastal waterways, coupled with the diversity of boating activities, results in increased boating-related conflicts, accidents, and fatalities. This situation has led to numerous requests from boaters, shorefront property owners, waterfront businesses, and local governments for the imposition and enforcement of boating safety speed zones within Florida's Intracoastal Waterways. A decision-support framework that incorporates Geographic Information Systems (GIS)–based risk assessment was developed to assist the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission's Division of Law Enforcement evaluate requests and applications for the establishment of boating safety zones, pursuant to the Florida Administrative Code Rule 68-D-23.105 “Criteria for Approval of Regulatory Markers.” The risk assessment uses geospatial data compiled from multiple government agencies, survey data from subject matter experts, and public input from participatory workshops. Relevant spatial data includes waterway features and marine infrastructure from field surveys, vessel traffic patterns observed and mapped from aerial reconnaissance, and indicators of boater behaviors extracted from accident and citation reports. The outcome is a characterization of waterway segments according to perceived risk to boating safety. The application was tested in two Florida counties and it helped guide the establishment of new, and the revision of existing, boating regulatory zones within their Intracoastal Waterways. The application design is such that it is adaptable to waterways beyond those in Florida.     

船舶交通动力系统安全突变研究

为揭示系统本质,建立船舶交通风险预控机制,基于突变理论对船舶交通系统的安全突变进行研究。首先定性分析了船舶交通系统的特性,并针对动态性与突变性特征,提出船舶交通系统的突变动力学研究方法,进而建立船舶交通动力系统安全突变模型,最后对系统的安全突变进行了定量的分析研究。     

Safety culture on board six Swedish passenger ships

This paper presents the results of a Swedish study on maritime safety culture. The study aims to increase knowledge about the characteristics of safety culture in the maritime setting and about the relationship between safety culture and organizational climate. Such knowledge can be vital in the process of developing and improving safety culture. The paper reports the results of safety culture assessments on board six Swedish passenger ships in international traffic, using observations, questionnaires, and interviews focussing on 508 employees who completed the questionnaires. The results of the assessments revealed a generally good existing safety culture. Differences in individuals' safety culture perceptions were found between ships, vessel type (high-speed craft versus Ropax), and hierarchical working position. Important relationships between organizational climate and safety culture were also found. A comparison with other transport sectors where the same safety culture assessment had been applied yielded that passenger shipping has an average safety culture score level that falls between air traffic control and airport ground handling. The method of assessment, which can be used by shipping companies and vessel crews, identified specific areas of concern in the safety culture that could support continuous improvements of safety and safety culture.     

基于立体感知技术的海上风场水域交通安全监管系统

对我国海上风场水域的交通安全监管现状进行分析,提出基于立体感知技术的海上风场水域交通安全监管系统方案。对该系统的组成和架构进行设计,并在福清兴化湾风电场一期项目中对其监管效果进行测试验证。结果表明,该系统能实现较好的监管效果,该系统的提出有助于提升海上风场的安全防御能力和交通安全管理能力,为我国海上风场的建设和安全监管提供理论参考。