Comparative assessment of liquid sloshing in dry and wet storage tank of floating offshore platform

In order to explore the characteristics of the single-layer liquid sloshing in offshore dry oil storage tank and the two-layer liquid sloshing in offshore wet oil storage tank, two series of experiments were carried out: one was free surface sloshing in a closed rectangular tank partially filled with colored water, and the other was interfacial sloshing in the identical tank but completely filled with white oil and colored water. The tank was mounted on a shake table and was subjected to harmonic horizontal excitation with different excitation amplitudes and a wide range of excitation frequencies, including the first seven natural modes of single-layer or two-layer liquid system. The present study find that the frequency responses of interfacial sloshing wave are analogous to those of the free surface sloshing wave, but smaller in amplitudes. The experiments also produce results that are unique to the two-layer liquid sloshing. For example, when the external excitation frequency is equal to or close to the odd mode natural frequency of two-layer liquid system, a complicated three-dimensional (3D) gravity-capillary wave might be generated at the oil-water interface. Finally, the comparisons of free surface and interfacial sloshing in the viscous damping ratio, higher sloshing modes, impact pressure amplitude and mass center displacement were conducted, which revealed the superiority of wet storage technology in structural safety and dynamic stability.     

基于OpenFOAM的船舶与液舱流体晃荡在波浪中时域耦合运动的数值模拟

波浪中载液船舶运动激励舱内液体的晃荡,舱内液体晃荡产生的冲击力同时作用在舱壁上,进而影响船舶的运动姿态。波浪中船体水动力和时延函数是在势流理论范畴下采用切片法和脉冲响应函数方法计算获得的,液舱内液体非线性晃荡是基于粘性流理论实时计算模拟,两者耦合建立了波浪中载液船舶与液舱流体晃荡耦合的运动方程。论文基于开源CFD开发平台OpenFOAM,自主开发实现了船体运动与液舱晃荡的耦合计算程序,并进行了相应的数值模拟计算和验证工作。该方法完整地考虑了波浪、船体和液舱晃荡之间的耦合作用,并结合船体内外流场特点分别采用了势流和粘性流理论,具有较高的计算效率。通过数值模拟计算和模型实验研究表明,数值模拟计算能够清晰显现出液舱晃荡对船体全局运动影响,船体运动计算结果与模型实验结果吻合良好。     

多种激励耦合作用下的二维液舱晃荡(英文)

In this research,liquid sloshing behavior in a 2-D rectangular tank was simulated using ANSYS-FLUENT software subject to single or multiple-coupled external excitations(such as sway coupled with roll,and sway and roll coupled with heave).The volume of fluid(VOF) method was used to track the free surface of sloshing.External excitation was imposed through the motion of the tank by using the dynamic mesh technique.The study shows that if the tank is subjected to multiple coupled excitations and resonant excitation frequencies,liquid sloshing will become violent and sloshing loads,including impact on the top wall,will be intensified.     

A numerical study of the effects of bottom and sidewall stiffeners on sloshing behavior considering roll resonant motion

In the present study, aiming to provide practical guidance for the structural design, the effects of the small bottom and sidewall stiffeners on sloshing loads in shallow and intermediate liquid conditions are investigated numerically. The interaction between the highly nonlinear free surface flow and a large number of small stiffeners is modeled based on the Moving Particle Semi-implicit method. 2D models of a rectangular clean tank and tanks with small sidewalls or bottom stiffeners are considered. For filling ratios ranging from 5% to 20%, harmonic angular motions with periods around the analytical sloshing resonant ones are applied. Simulation snapshots and computed pressure time series, pressure variation, wave run-up, maximum fluid velocity, and kinetic energy were provided to clarify the complex interaction between the small baffles and the shallow free surface flow. As a result, except for the tanks with bottom stiffeners in shallow liquid conditions, in which the response under actual resonant frequency should be considered, the response computed using the clean tank excited by its resonant period can be adopted as a conservative estimation for the sloshing loads of actual tanks with small stiffeners.     

液体晃荡荷载与液舱运动相位关系的数值研究

该文从相位角度出发,采用CFD的数值方法研究简谐激励下液体晃荡整体荷载与液舱运动的相位关系。首先,通过模型实验验证数值方法的可靠性,然后,以横荡激励下的二维矩形舱晃荡为例,研究不同载液率工况下,相位差和晃荡整体荷载幅值随激励频率的变化关系。结果表明:基于VOF法的数值模拟能较好地模拟液舱内液体晃荡;在自由面共振频率附近(0.8 f0~1.2 f0),相位差随激励频率增加而增大;频率比相同时,相位差随载液率的升高而增大;相位差90°时,相位差对应频率低于共振频率,且与晃荡荷载最大值对应频率基本相等。     

液舱内三维液体非线性晃荡的数值模拟

晃荡是一种非常复杂的非线性液体流动现象,载液船舶的晃荡问题颇受关注,因为在外界的激励下液舱内会产生剧烈的晃荡现象,巨大的晃荡冲击力会造成结构的破坏.文中建立了三维晃荡数学模型及数值计算模型,借助处理自由表面的VOF(volume of fluid)方法对液舱内液体晃荡的自由表面进行追踪,编制程序实现了液舱内三维液体非线性晃荡的数值模拟,并就三维刚性液舱内粘性液体的自由晃荡和强迫晃荡做了分析,讨论了液体不同粘性系数对晃荡的影响.模拟结果证明了三维晃荡理论的可行性.     

Ship motion-sloshing interaction using a field method

Even in relatively calm waters, low amplitude wave-induced motions of an LNG carrier may induce large amplitude liquid sloshing inside the ship's partially filled tanks, and the interaction between ship motions and sloshing may affect the ship's seekeeping properties. A computational procedure, here referred to as the RANS-RANS method, was developed to account for this interaction, and this method was then employed to predict the free surface flow inside the tanks and the corresponding motions of the ship in regular head and beam waves. This method coupled a compressible VoF technique with a generic wave generation and absorption scheme to obtain wave-induced ship motions with and without considering the effects of sloshing in the ship's tanks. Systematic grid studies were performed to obtain a sufficiently fine grid needed to yield converging predictions. The resulting wave patterns, ship motions, and internal sloshing elevations were compared with results obtained from a computational method, here referred to as the RANS-BEM method, that relied on a boundary element method to obtain ship motions. This RANS-RANS method was validated against model test measurements.     

Effects of excitation angle and coupled heave–surge–sway motion on fluid sloshing in a three-dimensional tank

Sloshing waves in moving tanks is an important engineering problem, and most studies of this phenomenon have focused on tanks that are excited by forcing motion in a limited number of directions and with fixed excitation frequencies throughout the forcing. In practice, the excitation comprises multiple degree of freedom motion that potentially couples surge, sway, heave, pitch, roll, and yaw motions. In the present study, a time-independent finite difference method is used to simulate fluid sloshing in three-dimensional tanks filled to an arbitrary depth for various excitation frequencies and multiple degree of freedom motion. The numerical scheme developed here was verified by rigorous benchmark tests. The coupled motions of surge and sway are simulated for various excitation angles, frequencies and water depths. Five kinds of sloshing waves found under coupled surge–sway motions: diagonal, single-directional, square-like, swirling, and irregular waves. The effect of excitation angle on the frequency responses of different sloshing waves is analyzed and discussed in the present study. Further, the components of horizontal force of various sloshing waves are also presented. The coupled effect of surge, sway and heave motions is also discussed, and the results show that unstable sloshing occurs when the excitation frequency of the heave motion is twice the fundamental natural frequency. Moreover, the effects of heave motion on the different types of sloshing waves are explored. It is found that heave motion causes all of the sloshing waves to change type.     

液舱内流体晃荡特性数值研究

本文利用VOF法对矩形液舱内液体晃荡进行数值计算。首先对舱内无任何隔板时液体晃荡作了模拟,并与相关文献中的实验结果进行了比较;然后在舱底中间设置一道不同形式的防晃隔板,对液体晃荡进行了计算。从结算结果看,本文提出的方法可以用于分析液舱内液体的运动和载荷,为设计合理的液舱结构形式提供理论依据。     

浅液深和挡板影响下遭受横摇激励的晃荡问题数值研究（英文）

Sloshing is relevant in several applications like ship tanks,space and automotive industry and seiching in harbours.Due to the relationship between ship and sloshing motions and possibility of structural damage,it is important to represent this phenomenon accurately.This paper investigates sloshing at shallow liquid depths in a rectangular container using experiments and RANS simulations.Free and forced sloshing,with and without baffles,are studied at frequencies chosen specifically in proximity to the first mode natural frequency.The numerically calculated free surface elevation is in close agreement with observations from experiments.The upper limit of the resonance zone,sloshing under different filling depths and roll amplitudes and sloshing with one,two and four baffles are also investigated.The results show that the extent of the resonance zone is reduced for higher filling depth and roll amplitude.It is also found that the inclusion of baffles moves the frequency at which the maximum free surface elevation occurs,away from the fundamental frequency.Finally,a submerged baffle is found to dissipate more energy compared to a surface piercing baffle and that the effect of several submerged baffles is similar to that of a single submerged baffle.     

粘性流体晃荡与弹性结构的相互耦合作用

提出了处理粘性流体晃荡与弹性结构相互耦合作用的理论及相应数值计算方法.流体运动采用N-S方程描述,控制方程采用有限差分法离散,并由超松弛迭代法求解.液体自由表面通过流体体积法进行重构.为了考虑液舱结构变形对液体晃荡的影响,应用了FAVOR技术.由此建立了描述液体晃荡与结构相互耦合作用的水弹性理论,并由相应的计算方法进行了系列运算,以考察二维液舱不同结构刚度对液体晃荡的影响.计算结果有助于进一步理解此类问题的物理现象.     

采用耦合有限元、边界元方法的矩形储液舱中液体晃荡数值仿真(英文)

Sloshing of liquid can increase the dynamic pressure on the storage sidewalls and bottom in tanker ships and LNG careers. Different geometric shapes were suggested for storage tank to minimize the sloshing pressure on tank perimeter. In this research, a numerical code was developed to model liquid sloshing in a rectangular partially filled tank. Assuming the fluid to be inviscid, Laplace equation and nonlinear free surface boundary conditions are solved using coupled FEM-BEM. The code performance for sloshing modeling is validated against available data. To minimize the sloshing pressure on tank perimeter, rectangular tanks with specific volumes and different aspect ratios were investigated and the best aspect ratios were suggested. The results showed that the rectangular tank with suggested aspect ratios, not only has a maximum surrounded tank volume to the constant available volume, but also reduces the sloshing pressure efficiently.     

基于全时域势流理论的船舶与液舱晃荡耦合运动的数值计算

基于三维线性有航速时域势流理论计算船体时域运动外域波浪力,同时采用三维全非线性时域势流理论来计算舱内液体的非线性晃荡所诱导力与力矩,进而建立了波浪中载液船舶耦合运动方程。该方法能够完整地考虑波浪、船体和液舱晃荡之间的实时耦合作用。研究结果表明:通过模型实验和数值模拟计算的对比,数值模拟计算能够清晰显现出液舱晃荡对船体全局运动影响,无航速船体运动RAO与模型实验结果吻合良好,有航速运动计算合乎预期。     

耦合运动下液货舱晃荡压力预报研究

针对液货船舱晃荡载荷预报问题,进行了单自由度简谐运动激励下液舱模型试验,研究冲击压力特性,并选择70%H装载水平工况开展数值计算比较,结合试验结果得到计算预报的修正系数,同时用简单解耦方法根据单自由度修正系数对纵横摇耦合运动下的压力计算结果进行修正,所得结果可为晃荡载荷工程评估提供参考。     

The two-dimensional study of the interaction between liquid loshing and elastic structures

Sloshing phenomenon in the liquid cargo carriers has caught the attention of researchers as the interaction between the sloshing waves and structure is one of the key point and difficulty in the study of sloshing. In this paper, we captured the free surface with a volume of fluid (VOF) method and then calculated the motions and responses of the structure by adopting the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for the whole fluid domain. With the use of user defined functions (UDF) in Fluent, the interaction between fluid and structure was then simulated. As a reasonable simplification, the authors studied the response of a single cantilever in a tank under sloshing loads; Further study should pay more attention to the mechanisms of interaction between sloshing waves and elastic structures.     

Numerical simulation of 2D and 3D sloshing waves in a regularly and randomly excited container

In this paper,various aspects of the 2D and 3D nonlinear liquid sloshing problems in vertically excited containers have been studied numerically along with the help of a modified-transformation.Based on this new numerical algorithm,a numerical study on a regularly and randomly excited container in vertical direction was conducted utilizing four different cases： The first case was performed utilizing a 2D container with regular excitations.The next case examined a regularly excited 3D container with two different initial conditions for the liquid free surface,and finally,3D container with random excitation in the vertical direction.A grid independence study was performed along with a series of validation tests.An iteration error estimation method was used to stop the iterative solver（used for solving the discretized governing equations in the computational domain） upon reaching steady state of results at each time step.In the present case,this method was found to produce quite accurate results and to be more time efficient as compared to other conventional stopping procedures for iterative solvers.The results were validated with benchmark results.The wave elevation time history,phase plane diagram and surface plots represent the wave nonlinearity during its motion.     

三维矩形弹性液舱内液体晃荡数值模拟研究

为了解三维弹性液舱内液体晃荡情况,采用ADINA模拟不同激励频率下液舱内液体的晃荡,将所得的结果与解析解进行对比,得到不同载液率下弹性液舱内液体晃荡特点,得到液舱载液率、外界激励等参数变化对液体自由表面运动及晃荡荷载的影响.     

纵摇容器中液体晃荡的非线性数值模拟

在海洋工程领域,液体晃荡是一种普遍存在的物理现象。对于船舶而言,转动比平动有着更重要的影响。该文针对纵摇容器中的液体晃荡问题,采用高阶边界元方法建立自由水面满足完全非线性边界条件的时域数学模型。通过大地坐标系和随体坐标系之间的坐标变换,使得计算域仅控制在随体坐标系内。求解中采用半混合欧拉—拉格朗日方法追踪流体瞬时水面,运用四阶龙格库塔方法更新下一时间步的波面和速度势。通过与已发表试验和数值结果的对比,验证了建立模型的准确性。进而开展大量数值试验研究容器纵摇运动频率、纵摇转动中心和容器中布置一竖直隔板对晃动波面与荷载的影响。     

液舱晃荡载荷数值模拟中的流固耦合影响研究

为了研究大型化后LNG船液舱围护系统结构弹性对液舱内晃荡冲击压力的影响,采用基于显式时间积分方法的有限元/有限体积法程序模拟流体和结构的运动和变形及其相互作用。论述了数值模拟方法及其重要相关参数,以二维矩形刚性液舱模型为例模拟晃荡,得到的结果分别与计算流体程序和试验的结果比较,论证了该数值计算方案的可行性。进一步进行了三维刚性和三维弹性模型的液舱晃荡分析,比较了不同模型对液体运动和舱壁冲击压力的影响。文中研究结果对液舱结构晃荡冲击载荷评估具有参考价值。     

基于MSC.Dytran的液舱晃荡分析

液货船发展的关键技术之一是解决液舱内流体的晃荡问题。MSC.Dytran有限元程序能较好的模拟贮液容器的液面晃荡问题。以载液船舶液舱为研究对象,利用MSC.Dytran程序对矩形液舱在一确定装载水平下的液面晃动进行仿真分析,得到了不同时刻舱内液体的液面形状。