荷重多锚锚泊系统分析

多锚锚泊系统需要很长的锚链长度,并且初始锚链张力也很大。但是我们总希望给锚链—个较小的初始张力,当浮体发生位移时,恢复力迅速增加,而荷重多锚锚泊系统就具有这种特点。     

锚泊系统的快速计算方法及应用

在满足锚链使用要求的情况下,为更好地改变锚链的受力特性,有必要分析并掌握多段悬链的锚链特性和锚泊力。给出多段锚链受力的计算步骤,并应用切比雪夫拟合锚链的受力,采用高阶边界元求解势流理论下的浮体波浪力,应用于锚泊与浮体结构系统运动数值模拟。通过算例验证模型的正确性,比较频域模拟和时域模拟锚泊系统的差异,得到关于锚链几何非线性的影响效果。     

船舶锚泊系统分析

通过数值模拟,以某一散货船为例,研究风、浪、流载荷共同作用对该船舶锚泊系统产生的影响,在有限元软件ANSYS-AQWA中建立了该船舶及其锚泊系统的有限元模型,并对其进行分析。主要对3种典型工况下的船舶锚泊系统进行数值模拟,并对锚链张力进行校核,对运动响应进行分析,完成数值计算结果分析。研究结果表明:锚泊系统的运动响应分析及锚链张力校核在船舶建造和安全性能评估的过程中发挥重大的作用;数值模拟分析可以为选取适宜的锚泊系统提供依据和保障,有效减少经济损失。     

两起锚链扭结缠绕引发的思考

文章通过分析两起锚链扭结缠绕事故,总结出了单锚泊锚链缠绕的原因、解除锚链缠绕、优化锚泊作业及预防锚链缠绕的措施,供船舶借鉴。     

浮式生产储油船锚泊定位性能计算

应用计算锚链的悬链线方程和计算船舶运动的格林函数方法的耦合数值方法，对一锚泊的浮式生产储油船进行了定位性能计算，给出了自由状态与锚泊状态系统的运动响应特性的对比、不同状态与工况的锚泊浮体的运动性能参数以及锚链承受的张力等计算结果。研究成果可以为浮式生产储油船锚泊系统设计、校核计算和锚泊系统形式与参数优化提供初步计算结果以及用于设计方案的比较。     

浮标在波浪中的试验研究

对于用于测量目的的浮标来说,为了保证仪器仪表的正常工作,浮标在波浪中的运动要受到一定的限制,因此必须采取合适的锚泊系统.本文针对一三锚系统进行了波浪水池中的模型试验,浮标由三根锚链系泊,每根锚链在靠近浮标处都放置一个浮筒.试验结果表明,此锚泊系统能满足浮标的运动,锚链张力也比较小,具有较好的工程应用价值.     

锚泊中船舶卧底链长的一种估算方法

为了从定量上掌握锚泊船卧底锚链的长度 ,保证锚泊安全 ,本文根据锚链悬链线特殊性质 ,提出了在出链长度一定的情况下估算卧底链长的一种简易方法 ,即根据锚链在锚链筒外孔处与铅垂线的夹角来估算卧底链长的方法 ,并对估算误差作了简要分析。分析表明 ,当锚链张角 <5 0°时 ,误差较小 ;当锚链张角 >6 0°时 ,误差偏大 ,但仍可满足航海实践需要     

锚链直径对船舶锚泊能力的影响

从减轻船总体负担、采用链径更小的海洋系泊链的设计需求出发,以单个链环为微元对锚链在锚泊状态所形成悬链线方程进行推导,建立锚链在典型锚泊状态下的悬链线方程,并以此为基础完成不同链径锚链在抛锚长度、最大可承受环境力、最大抛锚深度等方面的计算分析。结合计算结果和船舶实际使用情况,对采用不同链径锚链的锚泊能力进行综合分析后认为,虽然链径较粗的锚链的理论锚泊能力较强,但若采用霍尔锚等非大抓力锚,或对锚泊水域面积无明确要求、没有在深水中抛锚的特殊需求等,则可以选用链径相对较细的海洋系泊链代替目前规范中规定的电焊锚链。     

嵌入式远程监测系统设计与应用

嵌入式系统在大数据量快速处理、网络通信等方面具有明显优势,是当今信息技术领域的研究热点之一。本文以船舶锚泊监视为应用背景,设计了一种嵌入式远程监测系统,该系统由船上的数据采集端和岸上的监视端组成,采集端用以采集锚泊现场受力数据及锚链偏荡运动的视频并发送给监视端,监视端用以展示锚链受力数据、锚链运动的视频等,判断走锚后能够进行声光报警。     

深水悬链锚泊系统等效截断水深优化设计

工程中,常用的深水悬链锚泊线通常是由顶部锚链、中部钢索和底部锚链三段复合而成。该文采用分段外推的数值解法,考虑锚泊线所受的重力、张力、流力以及锚泊线的弹性伸长,利用黄金分割算法求解锚泊线顶端张力对应的顶张角,对其进行静力特性分析。基于混合模型试验方法应用,考虑锚泊系统静力特性相似,采用遗传算法编制开发等效截断水深系统优化设计程序。以一座工作水深为1500 m的深水半潜式平台为例,对其悬链式锚泊系统在700 m水深处进行等效截断优化设计计算,为下一步进行混合模型试验提供参考。     

On the mechanism of the bursting phenomena of propeller tip vortex cavitation

 The bursting phenomenon of tip vortex cavitation of a propeller sometimes causes severe high-frequency vibration, but its mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we carried out model experiments by changing the propellers, wake distributions, thrust coefficients, and cavitation numbers parametrically, examined the bursting phenomenon with a high-speed video camera, and measured the pressure fluctuations caused by the phenomenon. We also measured flow distribution around the tip vortex. As a result, we found that in the bursting phenomenon, large pressure fluctuations occurred twice, and that they strongly depended on the wake distribution. Two means were suggested to suppress the bursting phenomenon, other than changing the wake distribution: stabilizing tip vortex cavitation or reducing the cavity volume. Numerical fluid simulations around a propeller in noncavitating, unsteady conditions were also conducted, and the strength of the tip vortex along the circumference and its derivative were examined. As a result, the phenomena were parameterized by the time derivative of the strength of the tip vortex, and if it was higher than a threshold value, the tip vortex cavitation burst. Therefore, it is possible to predict the occurrence of the bursting phenomenon by numerical analysis. Received: November 6, 2001 / Accepted: January 24, 2002     

自动化集装箱码头控制系统的研究

根据实际集装箱码头的要求,构建轨道式港口集装箱码头物理模型。在此基础上,采用西门子S7-300系列PLC以及PROFIBUS-DP总线设计了自动化集装箱码头控制系统,并运用西门子Step7编程软件编写了控制程序,包括自动卸船程序、自动装船程序、各个机构的点动控制程序、机构复位程序、异常处理程序以及应急程序等。结果表明,该控制系统和控制程序成功地运用在模型中,并且可以移植到实际控制系统中。     

Part I: Externalities and economic policies in road transport

Road transport imposes negative externalities on society. These externalities include environmental and road damage, accidents, congestion, and oil dependence. The cost of these externalities to society is in general not reflected in the current market prices in the road transport sector.An efficient mobility model for the future must take into account the true costs of transport and its regulatory framework will need to create incentives for people to make sustainable transport choices. This paper discusses the use of economic instruments to correct road transport externalities, but gives relatively more weight to the problem of carbon emissions from road transport, as this is particularly challenging, given its global and long-term nature.Economics offers two types of instruments for addressing the problem of transport externalities: command-and-control and incentive-based policies.Command-and-control policies are government regulations which force consumers and producers to change their behaviour. They are the most widely used policy instruments. Examples include vehicle emission and fuel standards in the US as well as driving or parking restrictions in Singapore. The implementation cost of these instruments to the government is small. Although from an economic perspective these policies often fail to achieve an efficient market outcome, the presence of political constraints often make them the preferred option, in terms of feasibility and effectiveness.Economic theory shows how policies, which affect consumption and production incentives, can be used to achieve the optimal outcome in the presence of externalities. Incentive-based policies function within a new or an altered market. We first examine incentive-based policies, which cap the aggregate amount of the externality, such as carbon emissions, by allocating permits or rights to the emitters. The emitters are then free to trade their permits amongst them. The permit allocation mechanism is important-although market efficiency would be satisfied by an auction, political influences usually favour a proportional allocation based on historic emissions. We discuss EU ETS as an example of a cap-and-trade system, however, no such policy for CO₂ emissions in road transport has been implemented anywhere in the world to date.Fiscal instruments are, like command-and-control, widely used in road transport, because they are relatively cheap and simple to implement. They include the use of taxes and charges in order to bridge the gap between private and the social costs and, in principle, can lead to an efficient market solution. Registration, ownership, fuel, emissions, usage taxes, and parking and congestion charges have been implemented in many countries around the world. On the other side of the spectrum, subsidies can be given to those scrapping old cars and buying fuel-efficient vehicles. Some cities, such as London, have implemented congestion charges and many states in the United States have introduced high occupancy lanes. Other interesting possibilities include pay-as-you-drive insurance and other usage charges. However, the size and scope of taxes and subsidies are determined by governments, and because of their imperfect knowledge of the market the outcome is still likely to be inefficient.Governments have many effective economic instruments to create a sustainable road transport model. These instruments can be used separately or together, but their implementation will be necessary in the nearest future.     

Carbon flows in Baltic Sea food webs — a re-evaluation using a mass balance approach

The brackish Baltic Sea has been seen as particularly suitable for studies of food webs. Compared to fully marine ecosystems, it has low species diversity, which means fewer trophic linkages to analyse. The Baltic Sea is also one of the best-studied areas of the world, suggesting that most data requirements for food web models should be fulfilled. Nevertheless, the influence of physical and biological factors on trophic interactions and biogeochemical patterns varies spatially in the Baltic Sea, adding considerable complexity to food web studies. Food web structure and processes can be described and compared quantitatively between areas by estimating the flow of matter or energy through the organisms. Most such models have been based on carbon, though studies of complementary flows of other elements limiting production, such as nitrogen and phosphorus would be desirable. However, since ratios between carbon and other elements are used in calculating these flows, it is crucial, as a first step, to quantify the flows of carbon as accurately as possible.In this study, we used the EcopathII software (ver 3.1) to analyse models of carbon flow through the food webs in the three main areas of the Baltic Sea; the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay. A previously published study on carbon flow in the Baltic Sea [Elmgren, R. 1984. Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. — Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. (183) 152–169.] was complemented with the data on respiration and flow to detritus [Wulff, F., Ulanowicz, R. 1989. A comparative anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeeake Bay ecosystems. In: F. Wulff, J.G. Field, K.H. Mann (Eds.), Flow Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Theory and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag.] in order to present complete mass balance models of carbon. The purpose of re-evaluating previous models with new analytic tools was to check how well their carbon flows balance, and to provide a basis for improved mass balance models using more recent data, including nutrients other than carbon.The resulting mass balance networks for the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay were shown to deviate from steady state. There was an organic carbon surplus of 45, 25 and 18 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ in the pelagic zones of the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay, respectively. The Ecopath network analysis confirmed that the overall carbon flow was highest in the Baltic proper, somewhat lower in the Bothnian Sea and much lower in the Bothnian Bay. The only clear differences in food web structure between the basins was that the average trophic level was lower for demersal fish in the Bothnian Sea and higher for macrofauna in the Bothnian Bay, compared to the other basins. The analysis showed weakness in our current understanding in Baltic Sea food webs and highlighted areas where improvements could be made with more recent data.     

多作业状态下近海油气管线的力学分析及软件

在近海管线的铺设、安装、使用过程中有多种作业状态：在位、悬跨、挖沟、提吊、铺管等。各种状态下管线的受力特点不同，加上管线结构、海况和海底土壤等因素又都很复杂，所以近海管线的强度分析难度大、内容多。分别采用解析方法、数值方法（有限元法、打靶法）和二者结合来解决理论上的（如几何非线性、动边界等）、实用性方面的难点。在理论分析的基础上，编制了符合产业部门工程师使用要求的近海管线强度分析软件。介绍了该软件进行力学分析时采用的理论以及软件界面。     

Effects of adhesive type on the mechanical properties of adhesive joints between polyurethane top coats and polyurethane-based adhesives after accelerated atmospheric ageing

The performance of a sealed stainless steel bracket system, adhesively bonded with two polyurethane-based adhesives (flexible adhesive, stiff adhesive) onto a marine polyurethane top coat, is investigated. The investigated joint connections on the coatings exhibited a high mechanical stability even after accelerated ageing (salt spray exposure, cyclic temperature variations, high relative humidity). The aged joints retained up to 81% of their tensile strength and up to 92% of their lap-shear strength. The torsional rigidity of the adhesive joint exceeded the required clamping torque of the designed bolt. A cyclical lifetime of >9·10⁶ load cycles was estimated. Effects of cyclic ageing on the creep performance of the adhesive joint were found to be insignificant. Under tensile loads, the joints with stiff adhesive material exhibited a linear-elastic performance without the capability to deform prior to failure. The joints with the flexible adhesive material, in contrast, exhibited a behavior typically for ductile materials featuring a pronounced yield plateau prior to failure. Failure loads were higher, and displacement was notably lower, for the joints with stiff adhesive material. All joint connections met the requirements for a safety factor for the design for marine applications (11.6 for the flexible adhesive; 14.3 for the stiff adhesive). When the flexible adhesive is applied, the cohesive strength of the adhesive material is the limiting design factor. When the stiff adhesive is utilized, the load carrying capacity is higher, and the interface between priming coat and steel substrate is the limiting design area of the joints. The strength utilization of the adhesive materials depended on the particular structure of the entire joint configuration, particularly on the interface between steel substrate and the coating material. A number of assessment factors, namely stress limit factor, coating adhesion factor and safety factor, are introduced and discussed for tensile and shear loads.     

Factors Affecting Knowledge,Perceptions, and Attitudes Regarding North Carolina Coastal Reserve Management

During the period May 25–October 28, 2007, we collected data in face-to-face interviews on four sites in the North Carolina Research Reserve system. We subsequently conducted analyses on the effects of education, income, length of visitation, and frequency of visitation on visitor knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes regarding management. Visitors to the sites were well-educated, listed incomes above the state median, and were racially homogeneous. At the overall level, the majority (63%) knew who owned the sites, but only 43% correctly identified the managing agency. The majority also believed that overall conditions at the sites were stable, although those that had been visiting longer perceived conditions as deteriorating. Education was positively correlated with knowledge of ownership and management, and with support for additional rules and enforcement. Neither income, nor frequency of visitation showed any correlation with any of the dependent variables at the overall level. Some site-specific findings differed from the overall findings and varied from site to site. These differences were addressed individually.     

基于ARM的嵌入式通讯平台设计

文章介绍了以NXP的ARM7 TDMI内核控制器为核心的嵌入式通讯平台的设计,包括CAN、工业以太网、USB、RS232、RS485、UART、无线等目前流行的各种通讯方式的设计以及液晶显示、触摸屏、按键的硬件设计,给出了比较完整的方案设计和硬件连接,同时对于所采用的操作系统进行了简单介绍。     

泉州湾秀涂人工岛总体设计

秀涂人工岛是以泉州湾内的鞋沙浅滩为依托,在鞋沙浅滩西、北、东侧建设围堰,在南侧建设码头岸壁,围成闭合区域后吹填前方水域的疏浚土而形成的。对秀涂人工岛的总体设计情况及关键技术进行总结分析,包括平面形状、平面布置及分期实施方案、围堰结构、码头结构、陆域形成等人工岛设计的主要方面,可供类似工程参考。     

探路、开路、筑路——为创立世界修船业共生时代再出发

中国修船业在国家改革开放的浪潮中,经历了三十多年的快速发展,如今已稳居世界修船大国的国际地位,而中国修船企业正在引领世界绿色修船科技的进步,也引起了国际修船业的高度关注.然而,在人类社会生态环境面临严峻挑战的当下,作为世界贸易和港口经济重要组成部分的修船产业,如何形成发展新格局,从生态层面推进绿色、低碳、数字"一体化"...