柔性跨接管安装的三维力学分析（英文）

文章对柔性跨接管在三维空间中使用下放缆绳的安装做了相应的力学分析。根据悬链线理论,可以首先获得整个安装系统(缆绳及柔性管)的初始形态(仅受重力作用时)。其最终形态可以根据一迭代过程,使用力的平衡及协调性要求作为收敛准则来得到。通过有限单元离散法,可得柔性跨接管的内力,曲率半径及相应的位移值。为了验证文中提出方法的正确性及可靠性,将此得到的结果与Orca Flex有限元模型得到的结果进行了对比。同时该文对两端下放缆绳的长度差对柔性跨接管最小曲率半径及最大轴力值的影响也做了一定的研究。该方法能够给实际工程中柔性跨接管的安装提供一定的参考。     

深水刚性跨接管安装过程中关键因素分析

结合中国南海1500m水深海况,使用非线性时域分析软件Orcaflex建立“M”型深水刚性跨接管有限元模型。分析跨接管在波浪及海流作用下,三种典型安装工况：提升工况,通过飞溅区工况以及着陆工况中,不同浪向和绞车下放速度对跨接管强度的影响。并根据API RP 2RD规范校核不同安装工况中的牵引力和结构应力响应是否满足要求。结果表明：提升过程中,绞车需要控制适宜的提升速度以避免发生支撑框架结构碰撞;通过飞溅区过程中, 45°浪向角时跨接管的应力响应最小,为理想施工浪向角;着陆过程中,绞车牵引力达到最大值,数值仿真可以预报安装施工船所需的基本起重能力。分析结果对南海深水跨接管安装具有一定参考意义。     

水下管汇深水安装力学分析

近些年来随着海洋油气开采规模的扩大,水下设备逐渐被广泛应用到海洋油气开采和运输。通过研究水下管汇的两种不同深水安装方法（钻杆安装法以及绞车安装法）,得出管汇安装相关结论。基于钻杆以及缆绳的材料特性,建立两个理论模型分析并推导钻杆和缆绳在安装过程中的水平偏移以及轴向拉力的求解公式,并根据理论公式编写MATLAB程序。将程序计算结果与OrcaFlex软件模拟结果进行对比分析,验证理论公式的正确性。该理论方法将会对管汇深水安装提供一定参考价值。     

M型跨接管设计中敏感性分析的参数化研究

水下模式开发的油气田中,跨接管作为水下井口、管道终端管汇(PLEM)及管道终端(PLET)间的连接管段,与海底输送管道相比具有相对特殊的结构形式与特点。因此跨接管设计通常独立于海底管道进行。介绍跨接管的设计中需要考虑的主要因素,结合跨接管预制、安装特点以及与海底管道、水下基础的等界面影响,介绍与归纳设计中包含的敏感性因素及其影响。根据多敏感性因素的特点提出基于参数化分析的设计方法,并通过计算模拟与结果比较就各敏感性因素对跨接管在位强度的影响提供一些具有指导意义的原则与思路。     

深水FPSO立管导管及基座结构设计分析

以一艘深水超大型FPSO柔性动态跨接软管的导管及基座结构为例,介绍立管导管及基座的总体布置和详细设计对基本设计的优化.立管导管及基座结构设计考虑了FPSO在位操作、极端环境、跨接软管海上安装、立管事故、FPSO船舱破损和远洋拖航等工况.按某石油公司企业标准要求开展了立管关断阀油气泄漏扩散、燃爆连锁风险定量分析,确定了立管导管及基座结构设计爆炸超压,分析了立管导管及基座结构抗爆炸事故工况的强度,进行了立管导管及基座结构被动防火设计.基于疲劳累积损伤的分析方法,预报了立管导管及基座结构的疲劳寿命.     

基于混合网格技术的桨前超级导流管的仿真研究

根据型值参数,在Fluent前处理器ICEM软件中建立了船体、螺旋桨和超级导流管（SSD）的几何模型,并使用混合网格方法对模型进行网格划分。采用计算流体力学（CFD）理论,结合雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯（RANS）方程对安装超级导流管（SSD）前后的船体模型进行CFD仿真,并将船模阻力和螺旋桨推力及转矩的计算值与试验值进行对比。结果表明文中所建立的研究桨前超级导流管（SSD）节能效果的CFD数值仿真方法正确。     

水下生产系统“M”型跨接管结构在地震作用下的动力响应分析

由于跨接管在水下会受到地震波作用,并且地震发生时跨接管将受到地震引起的水动力的作用,因此采用有限元法计及地震波沿水平和垂向两个方向的载荷输入,考虑地震作用下跨接管的动水作用效应、深海水压、端部位移以及跨接管内部油温的影响,进行地震作用下的跨接管动力响应分析。结构动力响应分析表明,地震下动水作用力、端部位移、深海水压以及跨接管内部油温对跨接管的响应幅值影响较大,研究地震载荷作用下跨接管动力响应应计及上述因素。     

深水系泊缆绳动力特性研究

考虑波浪、海流、顶部浮体运动与海底接触效应的影响,依据集中质量法建立系泊缆绳柔性力学模型,以一座深水半潜式平台的系泊系统为例,对比研究了各种因素对于缆绳动态张力与水中构型的影响程度,最后采用模型试验方法对数值计算结果进行验证。研究表明：缆绳的动态系泊张力主要由浮体运动所引起,可达总张力的20%左右,海流流速可使得缆绳形态出现大变形,导致缆绳卧底长度发生明显改变,危及平台作业安全,波浪与海底摩擦对于缆绳响应的直接作用较小,设计阶段基本可以忽略不计。     

缆控布放大型潜器水下钟摆运动仿真

为了对潜器下潜拉动缆绳产生的钟摆下潜运动过程进行研究,采用集中质量法进行缆索系统建模,得到潜器速度、缆绳形态和缆绳张力的变化过程.结果 表明:缆绳张力极值发生在收紧缆绳初期,该阶段张力冲击短暂,但是幅值大,可达十几吨.在之后的下潜过程中,缆绳张力较小.整个运动过程中,潜器运动速度较低,在平衡位置的位移振荡幅值也较小,始终处于安全可控的状态.因而,除了初期具有张力冲击过大问题,其余阶段安全问题不突出.当收紧缆绳时,缆绳长度越长或倾角越大,缆绳张力冲击越弱,张力幅值也显著减小.     

拖曳锚安装缆绳在海床土中的嵌入特性

在深水或超深水海洋油气资源的开发中广泛应用的新型拖曳锚,由于受到安装缆绳拖曳力的作用会逐渐嵌入海床,在海床土体中安装缆绳嵌入段长度的变化规律体现了缆绳的嵌入特性,对锚板的精确定位和优化安装具有重要意义.基于嵌入缆绳单元的受力模型,建立粘性土和无粘性土中嵌入段缆绳长度的理论预测公式,分析预测受力模型的关键参数对嵌入段缆绳长度的影响,并采用可视化追踪技术对理论模型进行验证.     

海底跨接管安装强度分析（英文）

A subsea flowline jumper(FJ) is a basic connected component for the wet oil tree, subsea pipeline and riser base, and it plays an irreplaceable role in the subsea production system. During the installation of FJ, collisions often happen between FJ and other equipment, which may cause serious damage. Besides, as the operating water depth increases, the demand for the installation equipments, such as the crane and winch, will increase. The research of deepwater FJ installation in China is still in the primary stage, thus an installation method for the deepwater FJ is proposed in this paper. Finite element models of a typical M-shaped FJ installation system are built to simulate the installation procedures. Analysis results show that the installation steps designed are feasible and valid for the deepwater FJ. In order to ensure the safety of the installation process, the collision-sensitive analysis for the FJ is conducted, and results show that it is necessary to set the pick up speed at a proper value, in order to avoid collision in the installation process. Besides, the mechanical characteristics of FJ during the installation are investigated under a range of environmental conditions and it is found that the maximum stress of the FJ always happens at its central position. The basic requirements for the installation equipment are also obtained through the analysis of the main installation steps.     

Installation strength analysis of subsea flowline jumpers

Subsea flowline jumper (FJ) is basic connection component for the wet oil tree, the subsea pipeline and the riser base, playing an irreplaceable role in the subsea production system. During the installation of FJ, collisions often happen between FJ and other equipment, which may cause serious damage. Besides, as the operating water depth increases, the demand for the installation equipments like the crane and winch will increase. The research of deepwater FJ installation in China is still in the primary stage, so an installation method for deepwater FJ is proposed in this paper. Finite element models of a typical M-shape FJ installation system were built to simulate the installation procedures. Analysis results showed that the installation steps designed for the FJ are feasible and valid for deepwater FJ. In order to ensure the safety of the installation process, the collision-sensitive analysis for the FJ was conducted, and results show that it is necessary to set the pick up speed at a proper value, in order to avoid collision in installation process. Besides, the mechanical characteristics of FJ during the installation were investigated under a range of environmental conditions and it was found that the maximum stress of the FJ always happens at its central position. The basic requirements for the installation equipment were also obtained through the analysis of the main installation steps.     

Flexible riser-bend stiffener top connection analytical model with I-tube

The flexible riser top connection to the floating unit is a critical region considering extreme loading and fatigue lifetime assessment and is generally protected by a bend stiffener to limit the curvature in this region. The top connection usually interface the floating unit with two main configurations: i) end-fitting and bend stiffener directly connected to a riser balcony or ii) riser connected to the floating unit in the end of an I-tube, which reduces the end-fitting bending loading, and bend stiffener assembled to a bellmouth with a given inclination in relation to the I-tube longitudinal axis. The traditional modeling approach considers the riser/bend stiffener system attached to the floating unit, representative of the first configuration. A more realistic modeling approach, capturing the complex interactions of flexible riser/bend stiffener with I-tube interface can be employed for preliminary assessment with less conservatism. In this work, a large deflection analytical beam model is developed for the riser top connection with I-tube considering the bellmouth transition region with a straight rigid surface followed by a curved section. The riser follows a nonlinear bending behavior described by a bilinear moment vs curvature function and the bend stiffener polyurethane material exhibits nonlinear elastic symmetric response represented by a power law function. It is assumed that there is no gap between the riser and the bend stiffener and the riser is fixed in the end-fitting position. The mathematical formulation of the statically indeterminate system results in three systems of coupled differential equations combined with the corresponding multipoint boundary conditions to be numerically solved by an iterative procedure. A case study is carried out with a 7” flexible riser protected by a bend stiffener connected to an inclined I-tube bellmouth. The system is subjected to extreme loading conditions and the influence of the sleeve shape and I-tube length on the riser curvature distribution, including the end-fitting position, and contact forces between the riser/sleeve and riser/bend stiffener sections are assessed.     

Investigation into non-linear bending of elastic bars with application to design of bend stiffeners

The objective of this paper is to examine non-linear bending of a flexible elastic bar near fixed termination and to develop analytical solutions that can be used in the design of bend stiffeners. The non-linear bending of prismatic bars of finite and se-infinite lengths is solved analytically, and results are employed to re-visit the problem of the “ideal” bend stiffener, which provides a constant curvature over its entire length. A complete solution is derived for all properties of the ideal bend stiffener, which is not limited by any assumptions on the system geometry and provides an improvement over known formulations. Other features of the non-linear bending of elastic bars are examined and examples are given to demonstrate application of the present theory to sizing bend stiffeners for flexible risers.     

开孔围栏问题有限元分析

开孔是耐压船体舷侧不可缺少的结构,开孔后一般采用圆柱形围栏加强,围栏高度及安装尺寸依开孔半径确定.利用MSC/PATRAN软件对开孔围栏问题进行有限元分析,研究正交开孔下围栏半径、高度以及安装尺寸对开孔区域应力的影响.     

The development of studying flexible pipe bend reinforced by Kevlar fibers

The flexible pipe bend can not only reduce the structural vibration and fluid noise in pipeline, but also realize the flexible connection of a horizontal line and a vertical line and compensate the displacement of three dimensions produced by the shock or vibration of pipeline in the special situations. Up to now, little attention has been paid to study the flexible pipe bend applied in the pipeline of medium or high pressure, because no appropriate framework materials can be used to reinforce it which must endure the burst pressure higher than 10 MPa. The investigation shows that it is possible to produce the flexible pipe bend of medium or high pressure if such fibers with high performance as Kevlar fibers are used to be its reinforced materials. However, its structural designing theory, manufacturing technology and measuring techniques aren‘t yet perfect and systematic, which leads to the instability of the performance of products. Furthermore, few references about its research can be seen. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically and thoroughly develop the structural designing theory, manufacture technology and measuring techniques of flexible pipe bend.     

A finite element model for flexible pipe armor wire instability

The constructive disposition of metallic and plastic layers confers flexible pipes with high and low axial stiffness respectively when tensile and compressive loads are applied. Under certain conditions typically found during deepwater installation or operation, flexible pipes may be subjected to high axial compression, sometimes accompanied by bending. If not properly designed, the structure may not be able to withstand this loading and fails. From practical experience observed offshore and in laboratory tests two principal mechanisms, which will be discussed in this paper, have been identified regarding the configuration of the armor wires. When the pipe fails by compression the armor wires may exhibit localized lateral or radial deflections, consequently permanent damage is observed in the armor wires with a sudden reduction of the structure’s axial stiffness. The pressure armor may also unlock, thus causing potential fluid leakage.In this work a finite element model is developed to estimate the critical instability load and failure modes. An axi-symmetric model is constructed employing a complex combination of beam and spring elements. For each armor layer only one wire needs to be modeled, hence the computational cost is minimized without compromising the phenomenon characterization. A parametric case study is performed for a typical flexible pipe structure, where the friction coefficient between the wire armors and the external pressure are varied, and the critical instability loads and failure modes are obtained and results are discussed.     

壁厚所致几何不连续性对卷管法安装管道的影响

对于深水管道,止屈器起到了很好的防止屈曲传播的作用,但是在卷管法安装中,管道在上卷和退卷的过程中将产生塑性变形,而由于止屈器导致的管道壁厚几何不连续性将使局部管段的变形增大,可能加剧塑性变形的影响。针对这个问题,建立ABAQUS非线性有限元模型模拟管道安装过程,研究上述问题对卷管铺管中管道性能的影响并作参数敏感性分析。结果表明,壁厚所致几何不连续性的存在导致卷管安装时管道局部曲率及应变明显增大;回拉力、管径与卷筒直径之比及管道壁厚等参数也将产生影响。另外,增加回拉力可降低上述不连续性的影响,但管道残余椭圆度也将增加;增大卷筒半径（或减小管道直径）将使不连续性的影响降低;增大管道壁厚可降低不连续性影响,但随之建造成本也将增加。本文研究结论可为卷管法安装中管道设计提供理论指导。     

山区急弯放宽河段水流分离现象试验研究

文章在分析山区河流形态的基础上,概化出急弯放宽河段的基本平面形态参数,引入了弯道放宽率这个因素,并在前人对弯道水流分离现象研究的基础上,综合考虑了弯道放宽率、弯道中心角、相对弯道中心半径、弗汝德数等因素的影响,通过物理模型试验,对山区急弯放宽河段的水流分离现象的发生和分离区的大小进行了系统的试验研究。研究表明,在文章的试验范围内,总的来说弗汝德数和弯道中心角越大、相对弯道中心半径越小,水流就越容易出现分离,但对弯道凸岸分离区的出现起主要作用的是弯道放宽率,当弯道放宽率大于一定值时,都将发生水流分离现象,而与其他因素没有关系,并且当弯道放宽率较大时分离区也较大。