55万吨矿砂船弹振响应分析（英文）

The desire to benefit from economy of scale is one of the major driving forces behind the continuous growth in ship sizes. However, models of new large ships need to be thoroughly investigated to determine the carrier's response in waves. In this work, experimental and numerical assessments of the motion and load response of a 550,000 DWT ore carrier are performed using prototype ships with softer stiffness, and towing tank tests are conducted using a segmented model with two schemes of softer stiffness. Numerical analyses are performed employing both rigid body and linear hydroelasticity theories using an in-house program and a comparison is then made between experimental and numerical results to establish the influence of stiffness on the ore carrier's springing response. Results show that softer stiffness models can be used when studying the springing response of ships in waves.     

Investigation of springing in ship structures using experimental methods and 3-D hydroelastic theory

Large and long ships experience springing behavior. Depending on the trade routes and design of such ocean-going ships, wave-induced vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the wave-induced vibrations in an ultra-large ore carrier under fully loaded and ballast conditions. The experimental measurements from tests performed using a flexible model of the ship were compared with the numerical predictions from 3-D hydro-elastic theory (THAFTS) (Wu, Hydroelasticity of floating bodies. PH.D thesis, Brunel University, 1984). The measurements showed multiple frequencies between the encountered wave frequency and the 2-node bending frequency that occurred only in ballast conditions, whereas the springing vibrations were more apparent with forward speed under ballast conditions in both regular and irregular waves. The numerical method predicted the vertical bending moment quite well in the fully loaded condition but underestimated it in the ballast condition. This result was primarily due to an inability to capture the prediction of the multiple frequencies between the encountered wave frequency and the 2-node bending frequency. Using THAFTS, a new ship form with a deep draft was introduced, and this vessel was shown to reduce springing vibrations.     

基于模型试验与三维水弹性理论的船舶波激振动响应研究

船体波激振动使得船体结构中产生高频、持续和具有一定幅值的振动应力,可能引起结构发生严重的疲劳损伤,因而对船舶结构的安全性带来严峻的挑战。文章以一艘大型LNG船为研究对象,采用三维线性水弹性理论与水池模型试验方法对船舶波激振动响应进行了比较分析,研究了规则波与不规则波中的波激振动特性。改变该LNG船的刚度,并保持船型、重量分布等其它主船体特征不变,在模型试验和理论计算中探讨了刚度对波激振动的影响。通过两种刚度船体梁的模型试验与理论计算结果的比较分析,给出了波浪周期和船体刚度的变化对波激振动影响的几点结论。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of fatigue damage due to wave-induced vibrations in a containership in head seas

Fatigue cracks have been known to occur in welded ships for several decades. For large ocean-going ships wave-induced vibrations can, depending on trade and design, cause up to 50% of the fatigue damage. The vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the fatigue damage caused by wave-induced vibrations in a containership of newer design trading in the North Atlantic. The fatigue damage was obtained both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results were found from tests performed with a flexible model of the ship, while the numerical predictions were done using nonlinear hydroelastic strip theory. The measurements showed that the wave-induced vibrations contributed approximately 40% of the total fatigue damage. The numerical method predicted the wave frequency damage well, but was found to overestimate the total fatigue damage by 50%. This was mainly due to an overprediction of the wave-induced vibrations. The discrepancy is partly related to three-dimensional (3D) effects which are not included in the two-dimensional (2D) slamming calculation, and partly to an overprediction of the springing contribution. Moreover, the numerical method does not account for the steady wave due to forward speed. By using a simplified approach we show that high-frequency damage can be significantly reduced by including the steady wave for the relevant vessel, implying better agreement with the experimental results.     

Shaft line alignment analysis taking ship construction flexibility and deformations into consideration

Proper shaft line alignment is one of the most important actions during the design of the propulsion system. Usually, a beam model of the power transmission system is isolated from the ship hull. Therefore, determining the correctness of the boundary conditions is one of the most important and difficult issue during the marine shaft line alignment calculations. In the author's opinion stiffness and damping characteristics of the journal bearings’ oil film, ship hull and bearings frame should be taken into account. Ship hull deformations, under different load conditions and regular sea waves, are also analysed. The presented numerical analysis method is compared and verified by measurements on real ships.     

长周期波浪影响下连片式码头系泊布置优化

为改善长周期波浪影响下连片式码头的泊稳条件,结合工程实例,利用数值分析软件分析长周期波浪作用下连片式码头系泊船舶的缆绳张力、船舶运动量特点,提出改善长周期波浪影响下泊位系泊稳定性的关键因素。结果表明,随着波周期的增大,系泊船舶的缆绳张力、船舶运动量均会显著增大;系泊优化的关键在于增加系泊体系的弹性以便吸收船舶的动能量。系泊优化措施包括增加缆绳长度、采用非刚性缆绳系泊或增加缆绳的尼龙尾缆长度。采取系泊优化措施后,可大幅降低长周期波浪作用下缆绳张力,达到系泊布置优化目的。     

Analysis of hydrodynamic characteristics for arbitrary multihull ships advancing in waves

Multihull vessels have emerged as popular alternatives to conventional monohull ships for high-speed crafts. However, the bridging structures connecting the hulls are vulnerable to various wave actions and the wave impact on the bottom of them is the most serious problems associated with multihulled vessels. In this study, prediction of relative wave elevations under the bridging structures is investigated for multihull ships traveling with forward speed in waves. A computer code YNU-SEA using the three-dimensional (3D) Green function method with forward speed has been developed and used to analyze the hydrodynamic radiation and diffraction forces and motion responses for high-speed catamarans in waves. The results of the present calculations are compared with those of previous calculations as well as with experimental results. The numerical results reveal that the present computer code can be used as a powerful tool for the accurate numerical computation of seakeeping problems for multihull ships advancing in waves. Numerical calculations of wave pattern are also carried out including wave interactions between the hulls to analyze the effects of hull form on the free surface flow around catamarans advancing in waves. The analysis of the wave pattern allows the determination of relative wave height including radiation and diffraction waves. Finally, some discussions are included based on these numerical results which may be helpful for the accurate prediction of relative wave height and wave breaking load on the deck associated with multihull ships.     

Dynamic interaction of parallel moving ships in close proximity

Nowadays,there are many studies conducted in the field of marine hydrodynamics which focus on two vessels traveling and floating in sufficiently close proximity to experience significant interactions.The hydrodynamic behavior of parallel moving ships in waves is an interesting and important topic of late.A numerical investigation has been carried out for the prediction of wave exciting forces and motion responses of parallel moving ships in regular waves.The numerical solution was based on 3D distribution technique and using the linear wave theory to determine the exciting forces and ship＇s motion.The speed effects have been considered in the Green function for more realistic results.The numerical computations of wave exciting forces and motion responses were carried out for a Mariner and Series 60 for the purpose of discovering different Froude numbers and different separation distances in head sea conditions.Based on the numerical computations,it was revealed that the sway,roll and yaw have a significant effect due to hydrodynamic interaction.     

An approach to estimating the hull girder response of a ship due to springing

This article describes an estimation method for the hull girder response of a ship due to springing. The linear and nonlinear springing effects on the hull girder are evaluated. Previous studies on the springing response focused mainly on the symmetric response, or vertical response. In this article, however, the springing analysis is extended to asymmetric responses, or horizontal and torsional responses. The Timoshenko beam model was used to calculate the hull girder response and the quadratic strip method was employed to calculate hydrodynamic forces and moments on the hull. To remove irregular frequencies, a rigid lid was adopted on the hull free surface level and hydrodynamic coefficients were interpolated for asymptotic values. Applications to two ships for the symmetric and asymmetric responses were carried out and the effect of springing responses is also discussed.     

基于一个二维修正水弹性方法的集装箱船体梁动态前极限强度评估研究

海上极端波因其巨大的波高常常导致船体的极限破坏。该文提出了一个二维的修正水弹性方法来研究一个集装箱船船体梁在极端波中的动态前极限强度。传统的极限强度评估基于准静态方法,没有动态效应被考虑。而船体在波浪下的动态结构响应是基于水弹性方法,传统的水弹性方法并不能计算船体梁的动态非线性强度。该二维修正的水弹性方法考虑时域波浪和非线性船体梁之间的耦合,将水弹性方法和Smith方法结合,用Smith方法计算船体梁的刚度,而其刚度与船体梁的强度和变形曲率有关。所以该时域的非线性刚度被用于修改水弹性方法里的常数项的结构梁刚度。几组极端波模型被用以产生船体梁的大变形和非线性动态垂向弯矩。文中分别采用修正水弹性方法和普通水弹性方法,通过改变四个重要的极端波参数如极端波最大波高、规则波的波高、波速和波长等来研究其对船体梁船中处的大变形转角和非线性垂向弯矩的影响,通过采用修正的水弹性方法计算得来的结果与水弹性方法计算得来的结果相比较,得到了一些差异和结论。     

Stochastic averaging for estimating a ship roll in random longitudinal or oblique waves

In this work, the C11 container ship is taken as an example to analyze its rolling performances in random longitudinal or oblique waves. Firstly, a dynamic model of C11 roll in random waves is improved, and it is verified by the model test and numerical simulation. Mathematically, this dynamic model is a one-dimensional stochastic differential equation with random parametric (and external) excitation. Secondly, an enhanced stochastic averaging method is proposed to solve this stochastic differential equation. The validity of the solutions was verified by Monte Carlo simulation. At last, the probabilistic characteristics of the extreme rolling response were investigated based on the calculated results using enhanced stochastic averaging method. According to the analysis, some advices for ship's manoeuvring can be put forward when ships are navigating in random waves.     

Numerical computation of motions and structural loads for large containership using 3D Rankine panel method

In this paper, we present the results of our numerical seakeeping analyses of a 6750-TEU containership, which were subjected to the benchmark test of the 2 nd ITTC–ISSC Joint Workshop held in 2014. We performed the seakeeping analyses using three different methods based on a 3D Rankine panel method, including 1) a rigid-body solver, 2) a flexible-body solver using a beam model, and 3) a flexible-body solver using the eigenvectors of a 3D Finite Element Model(FEM). The flexible-body solvers adopt a fully coupled approach between the fluid and structure. We consider the nonlinear Froude–Krylov and restoring forces using a weakly nonlinear approach. In addition, we calculate the slamming loads on the bow flare and stern using a 2D generalized Wagner model. We compare the numerical and experimental results in terms of the linear response, the time series of the nonlinear response, and the longitudinal distribution of the sagging and hogging moments. The flexible-body solvers show good agreement with the experimental model with respect to both the linear and nonlinear results, including the high-frequency oscillations due to springing and whipping vibrations. The rigid-body solver gives similar results except for the springing and whipping.     

大型汽车滚装船参数横摇研究

对于航行在纵向波浪中的船舶,参数横摇是横稳性中典型的不利情形。文章对参数横摇作了介绍,并对某大型汽车滚装船进行了实例分析。首先,对船舶在纵向波浪中的稳性变化进行了计算;然后,根据衡准进行验证;最后,采用数值仿真方法,研究了稳性变化、横摇阻尼、航速、航向等参数对参数横摇的影响。     

25万t大型矿砂船建造关键技术

25万t矿砂船的建造对于吊装、精度和焊接都有较高的要求。对25万t大型矿砂船的建造进行研究,得到可应用于实际生产建造中的关键技术,达到提高建造质量、缩短建造时间、降低建造成本的目的,为建造相应的大型船舶提供技术经验。     

有限水深中破损船舶的运动与波浪载荷研究

由于有限水深中船舶搁浅和触礁等严重破损事故频发,为了减少事故的发生,对有限水深中船舶破损后的运动及波浪载荷的研究显得十分必要。文章基于三维势流理论,引入有限水深自由面Green函数,在频域内使用奇点分布法对一艘首部破损进水的散货船在有限水深中的运动与波浪载荷展开了计算,并根据劳氏船级社规范做了短期预报。短期预报结果表明,该散货船破损进水后,船体所受垂向和水平波浪弯矩均比破损前有明显增加,且在较浅水深中变化更为显著。     

New insight into the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects of ultra-large container ships based on experiments

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced extreme hogging vertical bending moment (VBM) is of vital importance for the design of container ships because container ships are normally under hogging conditions in still water. According to the empirical formulas proposed by the classification society rules, the design hogging VBM can be approximately 20 % smaller than the design sagging VBM for vessels with small block coefficients. High-order harmonic components in the vertical load effects, which are induced by the nonlinearities in the hydrodynamic forces and ship hull geometry, contribute to the asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that the nonlinear hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces increase the sagging VBM significantly. Current numerical tools are able to reveal this asymmetry to a certain extent. There is, however, little focus on the nonlinear pressure under the bow bottom, which is a more likely contributor to the hogging VBM. Several unexpected phenomena have been observed for large container ships. The wave-frequency sagging and hogging VBMs followed each other closely, and hence did not reflect the significant nonlinear factors as expected. In this paper, the test data of two (8600-TEU and 13000-TEU) ultra-large containership models in both regular and irregular head waves are systematically studied. In regular waves, the influence of the second and third harmonics on the fundamental hogging peaks and sagging troughs is estimated by comparing both the amplitude and phase difference relative to the first harmonic peaks. In irregular waves, the focus is on the statistical characteristics of the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects. To achieve a balance between results in regular and irregular waves, the influence of the second harmonics is evaluated through bispectral analysis.     

Assessing appropriate stiffness levels for spudcan foundations on dense sand

Before a jack-up can operate at a given location, a site-specific assessment of its ability to withstand a design storm during operation must be performed. During this assessment, the complex state of stress and strain under a spudcan is usually simplified to a value of foundation stiffness that is integrated as a boundary condition into the structural analysis. Soil stiffness is a critical parameter affecting the foundation and structural load distribution and displacements, and the jack-up natural period and dynamic response. The level of spudcan stiffness is an area of intense interest and debate. This paper assesses appropriate stiffness levels for numerical simulation. Utilising results from a detailed “pushover” experiment of a three-legged model jack-up on dense sand, the paper compares the experimental pushover loads and displacements on the hull and spudcans to numerical simulations using different assumptions of spudcan stiffness. These include pinned and encastré footings, linear springs and a force-resultant model based on displacement-hardening plasticity theory. Constant stiffness levels are shown to be inadequate in simulating the experimental pushover test. The non-linear degradation of stiffness associated with the latter force-resultant model is critical.     

A non-geometrically similar model for predicting the wake field of full-scale ships

The scale effect leads to large discrepancies between the wake fields of model-scale and actual ships, and causes differences in cavitation performance and exciting forces tests in predicting the performance of actual ships. Therefore, when test data from ship models are directly applied to predict the performance of actual ships, test results must be subjected to empirical corrections. This study proposes a method for the reverse design of the hull model. Compared to a geometrically similar hull model, the wake field generated by the modified model is closer to that of an actual ship. A non- geometrically similar model of a Korean Research Institute of Ship and Ocean Engineering (KRISO)’s container ship (KCS) was designed. Numerical simulations were performed using this model, and its results were compared with full-scale calculation results. The deformation method of getting the wake field of full-scale ships by the non-geometrically similar model is applied to the KCS successfully.     

Evaluation of added resistance in regular incident waves by computational fluid dynamics motion simulation using an overlapping grid system

A computational fluid dynamics simulation method called WISDAM-X was developed to evaluate the added resistance of ships in waves. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation was solved by the finite-volume method and a MAC-type solution algorithm. An overlapping grid system was employed to implement rigorous wave generation, the interactions of ships with incident waves, and the resultant ship motions. The motion of the ship is simultaneously solved by combining the solution of the motion of the ship with the solution of the flow about the ship. The free surface is captured by treatment by the density-function method. The accuracy of WISDAM-X is examined by a comparison with experimental data from a container carrier hull form, and shows a fairly good agreement with respect to ship motion and added resistance. Simulations were also conducted for a bow-form series of a medium-speed tanker to examine the effectiveness of the WISDAM-X method as a design tool for a hull form with a smaller resistance in waves. It was confirmed that the WISDAM-X method can evaluate the added resistance with sufficient relative accuracy and can be used as a design tool for ships.     

连续小波分析法在船体波激振动分析中的应用

小波分析法特别适用于非平稳信号的分析和处理,针对船体波激振动的响应特征,简单介绍了连续小波变换的基本理论,提出了用Morlet小波分析船体响应的方法和步骤.重点运用小波分析分析了不规则遭遇波浪和船体弯矩响应的时频特征,并且与傅立叶变换结果进行了对比,研究了波浪与弯矩的相关特征,提出了波激振动产生原因的新的解释,有利于船舶响应的预报理论和结构设计方法的进一步发展.