Experimental study on dynamic response of a floating offshore wind turbine under various freak wave profiles

This study performed experimental investigation on the dynamic response of an in-place floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) under freak wave actions. Based on the method of wave profile modulation, various freak wave profiles embedded in unidirectional Gaussian seas were generated in wave basin and the action of these waves on the FOWT was measured and analyzed, which has not been done before. The motions of FOWT were analyzed in time domain as well as time-frequency domain. The effect of freak wave parameters on FOWT motions was addressed, i.e., freak wave height, freak wave period, large crest, and deep trough. The dynamic response of FOWT was observed as a spike at the occurrence of freak wave in a conventional random wave, where the impact of freak wave can last for 17 spectral peak periods of wave. Data analysis shows that the motions of FOWT increased linearly with the freak wave height. In addition, the occurrence of freak wave induced the coupled effect on surge and pith, which was strengthen with the increase of freak wave height and wave period. Compared to a large crest, a deep trough of freak wave led to stronger motions and was supposed to be a key concern on the safety of the FOWT. The novel findings in this study provided a reference for the design of survival load on a FOWT and benchmarks for validating numerical models.     

船体在波浪中的非线性水动压力

本文提出了一个预报船体在波浪中大幅运动时非线性水动压力场的二维时域理论。船体扰动势用时域自由面格林函数和在入射波下的瞬时湿表面上的分布源求解;与非线性水动压力场相匹配的船体运动用差分法求得。为提高计算效率和避免数值过程发散,采用了改进的数值模型和方案。通过线性理论计算与模型试验结果的比较,指出了线性切片理论在预报水动压力场时的不足,水动压力与波高的非线性关系及正负水动压力沿船体表面的分布在Wigley船的计算比较中得到了说明。初步计算表明,该理论的实用化发展前景是令有鼓舞的。相应的计算机程序可在PC机上运行。     

畸形波作用下半潜式平台的极限生存能力评估

极限海浪可能对海洋平台的安全造成极大的威胁,故合理地评估平台在此海况下的运动响应和系泊缆索的动张力响应对平台设计具有重要意义。文章首先利用新波理论和随机海浪理论建立了畸形波入射波模型。然后利用间接时域方法和非线性有限元法分别建立了平台主体运动和系泊缆索动力响应的求解方程,并根据导缆孔的平衡方程建立了平台主体和系泊缆索的时域耦合运动方程。最后深入分析了某半潜平台在畸形波作用下的运动响应和系泊缆索的动张力响应,对平台的极限生存能力进行了评估。     

Dynamic response analysis of load transfer of topsides from T-barge onto twin-barge in floatover installation

The twin-barge floatover method is a promising approach in the topsides installation of the offshore platform. However, the topsides transfer onto the twin-barge is a challenging task and is seldom investigated. This study focuses on the floatover load transfer operation of the topsides onto the twin-barge by a T-shaped barge and investigates the dynamic responses of the three proximate barges in the operation. The floatover mating process was experimentally simulated by three representative intermediate stages, including 0%, 50%, and 100% stages. The barge and topsides motions, the relative motions of mating points, the contact loads on mating units, tether forces, and mooring forces at various environmental conditions were analyzed. The three floating barges experienced large surge drift motions as well as the sway and yaw drift motions in head seas because of the unsymmetrical configurations. Although a relative radial distance between mating points occurred and exceeded the capture radius of the mating unit at limited instants, the relative motions were to a great extent within the capture radius, indicating the feasibility of the twin-barge floatover method. Comparisons of the loads at the three stages show that the mating units and the tether lines were subjected to larger impact impulse loads at the 0% stage than the 100% stage.     

波浪水池中畸形波生成的研究综述

畸形波具有异常大的波高,容易对海洋结构物造成巨大破坏。世界各大海域均有畸形波发生及其引起的海难记录,其生成机理正引起人们越来越多的关注。在实测畸形波时历的基础上,有必要在实验室中实现畸形波的生成,从而揭示畸形波的生成机理及其对海洋结构物的作用机理。目前,国内外许多学者根据畸形波所产生的海洋环境条件提出了多种多样的畸形波成因假说,并相应地形成了多种畸形波生成模型。色散聚集方法通过控制成分波相位使波浪能量定时定点聚集,简单高效,仍为大多数的畸形波生成研究的首选。在此基础上,部分学者提出或应用了迭代方法对畸形波模拟结果进行优化,以修正非线性波波作用引起的相位、幅值偏离。另一方面,薛定谔方程呼吸子解作为畸形波的一个原型,也在畸形波的生成模拟中得到成功应用。该文针对上述畸形波在数值波浪水池或物理水池中的模拟方法作了综述,可为进一步开展畸形波的机理研究及其对海洋结构物作用机理研究提供基础。     

畸形波特性研究

基于不同的实测资料,对畸形波的定义做了进一步的深化,解决了一些畸形波定义中困惑的问题。通过对北海实测波形资料的参数化,对畸形波的波形特征做了相应的分析和研究,并分析了畸形波对建筑物的作用,认识了畸形波在对建筑物作用时的破坏性所在,通过对南印度洋强风资料的分析,得出了适宜的风速有助于促进畸形波形成的结论。     

不同开孔率混凝土护面板上波浪打击力试验研究

波浪荷载是斜坡堤上混凝土护面板防浪特性的主要研究内容之一。通过物理模型试验,采用不规则波浪作用,对透水斜坡上不同开孔率混凝土面板受到的波浪打击力进行研究,分析了打击力1%值和1/3值随各影响因素的变化特性,提出了包含开孔率影响的单坡上波浪最大打击力计算方法,给出了波浪打击力的统计分布规律。     

参数横摇下大型集装箱船外飘砰击的近似计算方法（英文）

Since the research of flare slamming prediction is seldom when parametric rolling happens, we present an efficient approximation method for flare slamming analysis of large container ships in parametric rolling conditions. We adopt a 6-DOF weakly nonlinear time domain model to predict the ship motions of parametric rolling conditions. Unlike previous flare slamming analysis, our proposed method takes roll motion into account to calculate the impact angle and relative vertical velocity between ship sections on the bow flare and wave surface. We use the Wagner model to analyze the slamming impact forces and the slamming occurrence probability. Through numerical simulations, we investigate the maximum flare slamming pressures of a container ship for different speeds and wave conditions. To further clarify the mechanism of flare slamming phenomena in parametric rolling conditions, we also conduct real-time simulations to determine the relationship between slamming pressure and 3-DOF motions, namely roll, pitch, and heave.     

Hydrodynamics of a body floating in a two-layer fluid of finite depth. Part 2. Diffraction problem and wave-induced motions

A linearized two-dimensional diffraction problem in a two-layer fluid of finite depth was solved for a general floating body and relevant wave-induced motions were studied. In a two-layer fluid, for a prescribed frequency, incident waves propagate with two different wave modes. Thus the wave-exciting forces and resulting motions must be computed separately for each mode of the incident wave. The boundary integral equation method developed by the authors in the Part-1 article was applied to directly obtain the diffraction potential (pressure) on the body surface. With the computed results, an investigation was carried out on the effects of the fluid density ratio and the interface position on the wave-exciting forces on the body and the motions of the body, including the case in which the body intersects the interface. By a systematic derivation using Green's theorem, all the possible reciprocity relations were derived theoretically in explicit forms for a system of finite depth; these relations were confirmed to be satisfied numerically with very good accuracy. Experiments were also carried out using water and isoparaffin oil as the two fluids and a Lewis-form body. Measured results for the sway- and heave-exciting forces and the heave motion were compared with the computed results, and a favorable agreement was found.     

浮式风机气动-水动耦合特性数值模拟（英文）

The exploration for renewable and clean energies has become crucial due to environmental issues such as global warming and the energy crisis. In recent years,floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs) have attracted a considerable amount of attention as a means to exploit steady and strong wind sources available in deep-sea areas. In this study, the coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of a spar-type 5-MW wind turbine are analyzed. An unsteady actuator line model(UALM) coupled with a twophase computational fluid dynamics solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is applied to solve three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations. Simulations with different complexities are performed. First, the wind turbine is parked. Second, the impact of the wind turbine is simplified into equivalent forces and moments. Third, fully coupled dynamic analysis with wind and wave excitation is conducted by utilizing the UALM. From the simulation, aerodynamic forces, including the unsteady aerodynamic power and thrust, can be obtained, and hydrodynamic responses such as the six-degrees-of-freedom motions of the floating platform and the mooring tensions are also available. The coupled responses of the FOWT for cases of different complexities are analyzed based on the simulation results. Findings indicate that the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform are obvious. The aerodynamic loads have a significant effect on the dynamic responses of the floating platform, and the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine has highly unsteady characteristics due to the motions of the floating platform. A spar-type FOWT consisting of NREL-5-MW baseline wind turbine and OC3-Hywind platform system is investigated. The aerodynamic forces can be obtained by the UALM. The 6 DoF motions and mooring tensions are predicted by the naoe-FOAM-SJTU. To research the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform, simulations with different complexities are performed. Fully coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of FOWTs, including aerodynamic loads, wake vortex, motion responses, and mooring tensions, are compared and analyzed.     

Processing method and governing parameters for horizontal wave impact loads on a semi-submersible

Semi-submersible platform has been widely used in offshore oil exploitation due to its excellent performance, but can be attacked by wave impact loads in extreme ocean environments. Determining wave impact loads accurately is of great significance to the design and operation of offshore structures. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the critical governing parameters for the horizontal wave impact loads on a semi-submersible. The wavelet denoising technique and the frequency response function method are employed successfully to remove the effect of noise and dynamic contamination from the experimental data. The strongly nonlinear characteristics of the wave impact load are demonstrated. The results show that wave impact events are governed by the upwell height and upwell velocity. Most major wave impact events occur where both the two parameters are large, and the upwell velocity is more dominant in the wave impact process. In general, larger parameters tend to result in larger peak pressures and higher probabilities of wave impacts. The motion behaviors of the platform are benefit to reduce the occurrence probabilities of wave impact events and maximum impact pressures, owing to the escape velocities following the wave direction and the rotations leading to the above-water structure away from the waves. The insights given in this study provide a motivation and foundation for developing a sophisticated prediction model of the wave impact load on floating platforms.     

Second-order hydrodynamic effects on an arrangement of two concentric truncated vertical cylinders

The second-order diffraction problem by a piston-like arrangement that consists of two concentric surface piercing cylinders is considered. The developed matched axisymmetric eigenfunction expansion solution methodology in cylindrical co-ordinates is based on the semi-analytical formulation of the velocity potentials in the various fluid regions which are defined by the geometry of the two-body arrangement. The main difficulty associated with the specific configuration originates from the fact that the geometry defines two fluid regions that extend up to the free surface in which the inhomogeneous second-order free surface boundary condition has to be fulfilled. To this end the associated velocity potentials in these regions are decomposed into a number of components defining the so-called ‘free’ and ‘locked’ waves. The latter are calculated by solving the resulting Sturm–Liouville problems. The seek second-order velocity potential in the whole fluid domain is then derived by enforcing matching conditions for the radial velocities and the fluid pressures at the cylindrical boundaries of adjacent fluid domains. Numerical results concerning the second-order hydrodynamic loading and the wave run-up on the cylinders are given, whereas special attention is given at incident wave frequency regions where the first-order exciting wave forces attain maximum values due to the resonant fluid motions in the moonpool.     

系泊浮体运动响应分析的非线性水动力学方法（英文）

Nonlinear wave loads can induce low-frequency and high-frequency resonance motions of a moored platform in deep water. For the analysis of the nonlinear response of an offshore platform under the action of irregular waves, the most widely used method in practice is the Cummins method, in which the second-order exciting forces in the time domain are computed by a two-term Volterra series model based on incident waves, first-order body motion response, and quadratic transfer functions(QTFs). QTFs are bichromatic waves acting on a body and are computed in the frequency domain in advance. For moving bodies, QTFs are related to the first-order body response, which is to be determined in the simulation process of body motion response but is unknown in the computation procedure of QTFs. In solving this problem, Teng and Cong(2017) proposed a method to divide the QTFs into different components,which are unrelated to the body response. With the application of the new QTF components, a modified Cummins method can be developed for the simulation of the nonlinear response of a moored floating platform. This paper presents a review of the theory.     

桁架式Spar平台在波浪中的运动预报与实验测量

基于细长体水动力公式和刚体全非线性运动方程,以及桁架式Spar平台主体与其锚泊系统相互耦合的力和位移边界条件,建立了桁架式Spar平台在波浪中的运动响应预报模型,对其在波浪中的运动和锚泊力进行了预报。通过运动光学测量系统和拉力传感器在哈尔滨工程大学水池对Spar平台模型在波浪中的运动和锚泊力进行了测量。数值预报结果和实验测量进行了比较,结果表明二者符合得很好。     

畸形波作用下半潜平台运动响应研究

海洋结构物的水动力性能研究对于安全、经济的工程设计至关重要.近年来,由海浪巨大波浪引起的事故越来越多地见诸报道,因此,有必要深入研究波浪尤其是畸形波对结构物产生的载荷及运动响应.海上浮式平台的运动响应与系泊载荷密切相关,而文中的出发点正是研究在何种波浪条件下会引起平台的最大运动响应.通过对一座设计作业水深为500 m的半潜式平台进行频域计算,获得了平台在自由漂浮状态下的响应函数(RAO),并与实验数据进行了比较.通过时域模拟,获得了新年波和"三姐妹"波作用下的平台运动响应,研究了畸形波的存在对于平台运动的影响.此外,还研究了畸形波中最大波峰值及连续大波的出现间隔对平台垂荡和纵摇运动的影响,可为后续研究和工程设计提供参考.     

平台运动对张力腿非线性涡激振动的影响

把张力腿简化成线性的欧拉-伯努力梁模型，研究了在波浪海流及浮体共同作用下，张力腿的横向非线性涡激振动，采用Galerkin法把非线性的偏微分方程转化为常微分方程，应用4阶龙格-库塔法进行数值求解。结果表明，平台的运动是影响张力腿横向涡激振动的一个重要因素。     

波浪对箱形船作用的三维耦合计算模型

为获得具有工程实用价值的港口三维船非线性波浪力的时域计算方法,该文建立了波浪对港口中船非线性作用的三维时域计算耦合模型:用欧拉方程计算船底面下的内域,用Boussinesq方程计算船侧面到港口边界的外域,两域在交界面处匹配条件是流量连续和压力相等.并进行了相关模型实验,实验结果和数值计算结果比较表明该耦合计算模型具有满意的精度.此外,该三维耦合模型数学处理简单,计算效率高,可适用于工程计算.     

舰船顶浪遭遇畸形波的波浪水池数值模拟研究

畸形波对船舶航运极具威胁,已引发多起海上事故,因此有必要对舰船遭遇畸形波进行数值模拟。基于长峰波随机海浪模型,在相位调制生成畸形波的同时考虑了舰船航速的影响,可以对舰船在顶浪航行定时定点遭遇畸形波的非线性波浪环境进行建模,利用CFD生成数值波浪水池,并对畸形波生成过程中畸形参数、峰度、陡度的变化以及速度分量随深度的变化进行分析,从一定程度上反映畸形波的演化特性,并验证数值模拟的有效性。     

Formulation of consistent nonlinear restoring stiffness for dynamic analysis of tension leg platform and its influence on response

Shortcomings of the traditionally used nonlinear restoring stiffness of TLPs, i.e. unrealistically high stiffness of horizontal motions, their uncoupling and secant formulation are pointed out. Therefore, new consistent restoring stiffness is derived. The platform is considered as a rigid body moored by flexible pretensioned tendons. Global horizontal low frequency motions (surge, sway and yaw) with large amplitudes as a result of dominant second order wave excitation and small stiffness, and vertical local motions (heave, roll and pitch) of higher frequency and small amplitudes excited by the first order wave forces, are distinguished. Hence, horizontal displacements represent position parameters in analysis of vertical motions. First, the linear restoring stiffness, which consists of the tendon conventional axial stiffness, the tendon geometric stiffness and the platform hydrostatic stiffness, is established. Then it is extended to large displacements resulting in new secant restoring stiffness. It depends on surge, sway and yaw displacements and is the same in any horizontal direction. Also, the tangent stiffness, which gives more accurate results, is derived. Heave is defined as vertical projection of axial tendon vibrations and platform tangential oscillations, which are analyzed in their natural moving coordinate system. Inertia force due to setdown, as a slave d.o.f. of the master horizontal motions, is taken into account in the dynamic equilibrium equations. As a result the complete tangential stiffness matrix of horizontal and vertical motions includes 7 d.o.f. The known secant restoring stiffness matrices are compared with the new one and noticed differences are discussed. All theoretical contributions are illustrated by relatively simple numerical example.     

考虑晃荡耦合船舶运动的晃荡压力算法（英文）

The effect of coupling between sloshing and ship motions in the evaluation of slosh-induced interior pressures is studied. The coupling between sloshing loads and ship motions is modelled through a hybrid algorithm which combines a potential flow solution based on transient Green function for the external ship hydrodynamics with a viscous flow solution based on a multiphase interface capturing volume of fluid(VOF) technique for the interior sloshing motion. The coupled algorithm accounts for full nonlinear slosh forces while the external forces on the hull are determined through a blended scheme of linear radiationdiffraction with nonlinear Froude-Krylov and restoring forces. Consideration of this level of nonlinearities in ship motions is found to have non-negligible effects on the slosh-coupled responses and slosh-induced loads. A scheme is devised to evaluate the statistical measure of the pressures through long-duration simulation studies in extreme irregular waves. It is found that coupling significantly influences the tank interior pressures, and the differences in the pressures between coupled and uncoupled cases can be as much as 100% or more. To determine the RAO over the frequency range needed for the simulation studies in irregular waves, two alternative schemes are proposed, both of which require far less computational time compared to the conventional method of finding RAO at each frequency, and the merits of these are discussed.